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Using Scientific Inquiry Methods During Laboratory And...

Targeted Skill: The student will work collaboratively with a team using a modified scientific inquiry process to investigate and document changes in length and mass when gummy bear candies are placed in different liquids for twenty–four hours. Targeted Grade Level: â€Å"Mary† is a fourth grade student who receives special education support in reading. She is at a 1.8 reading level and struggles not only in reading, but also in other core subjects when reading is required. Mary likes science, but often does not participate due to her reading difficulties. Because of her reading difficulties, it is hard for Mary’s science teacher to assess her scientific inquiry skills, a large component of the science subject area. TEKS: (2) Scientific investigation and reasoning. The student uses scientific inquiry methods during laboratory and outdoor investigations. The student is expected to: (A) plan and implement descriptive investigations, including asking well-defined questions, making inferences, and selecting and using appropriate equipment or technology to answer his/her questions; (5) Matter and energy. The student knows that matter has measurable physical properties and those properties determine how matter is classified, changed, and used. The student is expected to: revised August 2014 (A) measure, compare, and contrast physical properties of matter, including size, mass, volume, states (solid, liquid, gas), temperature, magnetism, and the ability to sink or float;Show MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Practical Work On Students Performance9732 Words   |  39 PagesTerms 10 1.12 Chapter Summary 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Importance of Science 12 2.2.1 Students’ attitude towards Sciences 13 2.3 Importance of Physics 13 2.4 Challenges faced by Physics as a Science Subject 14 2.5 Methods of teaching Physics 17 2.6 Practical Approach in the teaching of Physics 21 2.7 Modern Technologies in Practical Approach in the teaching of Physics 26 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Research Design 29 3.2 LocationRead MoreCurriculum Development- Let Review9921 Words   |  40 Pagesdepending on the students’ learning styles and the teachers’ instructional style. 4. Supported Curriculum – refers to the material resources that will support or help in the implementation of the written curriculum – such as computers, textbooks, laboratory equipment, audio-visual materials, playground, fieldtrips, etc. These resources help students achieve real and lifelong learning. 5. Assessed Curriculum - is the tested or evaluated curriculum. Evaluations are done by teachers to determine theRead MoreMba Solved Assignment Papers52670 Words   |  211 PagesAnswer: Research simply means a search for facts – answers to questions and solutions to problems.Itis  a  purposiveinvestigation.  It  is  an  organized  inquiry.  It  seeks  tofind  explanations  tounexplained phenomenon to clarify the doubtful facts and to correctthemisconceivedfacts.Research  is  the  organized  and  systematic  inquiry  or  investigation  which  provides  information for solving a problem or finding answers to a complex issue. Research in business: Often,  organization  members  want  to  know  everything  about  their  productsRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesUniversity of Strathclyde, UK; GPA: 4.0 EXPERIENCE 2007-2009 Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia (CLSA/Calyon) Singapore Equity Research Associate (Oil Gas) ï‚ · Led a project across seven countries to create a unified platform for investment idea generation using comparative valuations of over 300 energy stocks; Clients (fund managers) voted the team 1st in Asiamoney Broker Polls 2008 ï‚ · Initiated the Asian coverage of a UK based oil gas exploration company; first in the team to prepare valuation models forRead MoreIkea Case Study on Marketing22843 Words   |  92 PagesUniversity of Halmstad School of Business and Engineering Bachelor Degree A creation of competitive advantage by using differentiation of company’s strategy actions. The case study of IKEA Sweden with experiences on Chinese and French markets. Dissertation in Marketing Credit point level – 10 ( 15ECTS) Supervisor: Venilton Reinert Authors: Landry Capdevielle Min Li Paulina Nogal Halmstad, 23rd of May 2007 The table of contents Introduction............................................Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesmore freely; she was somewhat of a rambunctious child, who loved wrestling with her sisters, sledding, climbing trees, and hunting. The first time she saw a plane (at the age of 10) she didn’t think that it was interesting at all! As a young woman during World War I, she trained as a nurse’s aide and helped as a volunteer at a military aid hospital; before she discovered her love of airplanes, she was busy helping wounded soldiers 1920 is credited as the year when Amelia Earhart discovered herRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pageswould not be adopted widely until nearly 200 years later. To better understand the marketing concept, it is worthwhile to put it in perspective by reviewing other philosophies that once were predominant. While these alternative concepts prevailed during different historical time frames, they are not restricted to those periods and are still practiced by some firms today. The Production Concept The production concept prevailed from the time of the industrial revolution until the early 1920 s. TheRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesKirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface....................................Read MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesfound for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community.  Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found in some areas of the US around April.[10] Risks arising from over-consumption[edit] In the February 2010 death of a 31-year-old New Zealand woman, the coroner concluded were it not

Cinema Paradiso Analytical Paper Free Essays

These also gave him hope in real life. But, movies were more detrimental to Toto. It made him blind to what reality is. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinema Paradiso Analytical Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now He had less focus on life because of the movies. Movies became blurred between reality and fantasy. One example was when his mother told him his father died. It is expected when a loved one dies, people mourn. However, Toto even smiled when he saw a particular film poster. 2. The rusty anchors by the seashore symbolized Tot’s views on life and love that were greatly influenced by films, and his loyalty and commitment to films. He was severely attached to his love or Elena, being and his village life, even when clearly there were a lot of other opportunities to pursue his passion. Alfred tried to explain that like the deep blue sea beyond there is a bigger world for Toto to explore, a world which will develop his passion and talents fully, and reach his potential. The unwinding yarn that was knitted by Salvatore mom symbolized Tot’s life unwinding itself as he was back where he came from. It hinted that he came back to search himself for unsettled questions. He looked back to his life that was once a dream. Finally, fortunately he got answers and remembered where e came from. The demolition of Cinema Paradise symbolized a new beginning for the townspeople of Canonical, and new advancement in technology which was the television. Let symbolized the destruction of the old way of living of the Canonical community. Because this structure served as the heart of the tofu wherein people gathered and bonded with each other, the demolition symbolized the end of Alfalfa’s life and the increased distance among the townspeople like Tot’s life. But, even though the building was destroyed, the townspeople gathered one last time to mourn, heirs and relive the memories of Cinema Paradise. Their tradition may be lost, but it has opened new opportunities to build a new tradition. 3. Think his act of breaking up Salvatore and Elena was wrong though he was filled with good intentions. He thought this was the right thing to do for Toto to have a good life. With this act, it seemed like he truly cared for Tot’s future, like a father would care for his children. But, he did not give Toto to freely decide for his destiny He forced him to choose only one option. Their relationship was not even hurting anyone. If he purely and truly loved Toto, he would have guided him better, let him learn, grow, decide for himself and with the risk of mistakes. Even though what he did was wrong, somehow viewers can sympathize to Alfalfa’s good intentions and as to why he did this: he lived a life of regret because he did not have the good life he aspired for. Yet, I think he was a possessive selfish father that caused more harm than good to Toto. 4. I think the scene where teary-eyed Salvatore was watching the montage of kissing scenes gave us a look at his relationship with Alfred and Elena. Movies were an essential part of his life. The kissing scenes in movies were censored so it led him to be fascinated and curious. When he finally watched the kissing scenes, it made him wistful, happy, and teary-eyed because he felt Alfalfa’s love for Toto, and his overwhelming praise to Tot’s achievements. Let served as a gift, a prize and a reward to Toto. Also, the scene interpreted the ephemeral passionate and glorious past and unfortunate future with Elena. Elena was his one and only true love. It stirred up his emotions and his passionate memories of youth and love with Elena. How to cite Cinema Paradiso Analytical Paper, Papers

Competitive Advantages of Wal-Mart and Amazon

Question: Describe about the Competitive Advantages of Wal-Mart and Amazon. Answer: Introduction This report is basically discussing about two organizations or companies who are having competitive advantage in their business areas. For the discussion, the companies Wal-Mart and Amazon is taken. Along with this, for the evidence and discussion, the journal articles will be used in this report. In todays changing and growing market, it is very important for the companies to stay competitive in the market. By using proper and effective strategies companies may be able to get competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. Proper business strategies are very helpful to attract the customers in the market. Case 1 The first case of the company who has competitive advantage is Wal-Mart. The case of competitive advantage of Wal-Mart is taken from article Quantifying Wal-Marts Source of Advantage in Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. According to the journal article, the main competitive advantage of Wal-Mart is that they focus on being industry leader in various areas. Wal-Mart always focuses on employee satisfaction and high employee morale, judging of suppliers to force discount and minimizing the cost and prices by providing best quality in the products. The competitive environment of Wal-Mart is unique. The market is continuously changing and there is competition on pricing, store size, location, technology and innovation, and brand image. So, Wal-Mart offers lower prices, better variety and good quality then competitors (Sols et al, 2016). Case 2 The second case of the company who has competitive advantage is Amazon. The case of competitive advantage of Amazon is taken from the article Sustainable competitive advantage of internet firms in the journal International marketing review. According to the article, Amazon has competitive advantage over the competitors in the area of online marketing. Today online marketing is very popular among the customers. They seek best quality products with lower prices. Amazon has competitive advantage in many terms i.e. brand, diversification, pricing strategy and culture etc (Radulovich, et al, 2005). Description of cases Competitive advantage takes place when a company becomes able to provide the same benefits to the customers better than its competitors in the lower cost. Competitive advantage includes the practices and policies to provide high quality goods and products to sell at the lower prices in the market. Both the companies, Wal-Mart and Amazon are using this policy to gain competitive advantage in the market. Having 3960 stores and more than $209 billion revenue, Wal-Mart has top position in the market. Along with this, it is the continuously profit generating company. With the profit generation, the corporate culture of the company is also good. There are many ways for a company to gain competitive advantage over the competitors. Those ways can be quality, time, flexibility, and employees, differentiation in product or services and price of the products. The way that used by Wal-Mart is to set competitive prices for the customers. The company set low cost of the products compared to the competitors for the customers. The reason of setting low cost is that customers always find out the best quality products with lower prices (He, 2012). In the second case, Amazon is very famous company in online marketing industry. Today, online marketing is on the boom. Customers like to do online shopping because it us very time saving. They get unlimited products on the shopping sites at the affordable prices. Amazon focuses on the customers need and wants. The company identifies the needs of the customers that the customers want quick delivery of products which they order. Amazon has continuously improved the distribution services to please the customers. Amazon has competitive advantage in main four areas i.e. efficient distribution and logistics, strategic achievement, cost management, and economies of scale. In the cost management, company has cut down its prices to attract more and more customers. Evidence of competitive advantage Wal-Mart has achieved competitive advantage in both outside environment and inside environment. Outside environment has demand and competition while inside competition has distribution and inventory management of the company. Wal-Mart provides offers and discounts on the products to the customers. Along with this, Wal-Mart provides best products on the lower prices as compared to the competitors. Wal-Mart has such business system that responds quickly to the customers. In terms of competition, Wal-Mart does not set price of the products. Wal-Mart always has the prices 1% lower than the competitors. That is the reason customers attract more towards the products of Wal-Mart. Apart from this, culture and leadership are also the key factors of competitive advantage of Wal-Mart. Because of the low cost culture of the company, it is able to gain competitive advantage among the customers. This culture makes the company effective in the market. So, the culture and leadership are the most imp ortant factors in maintain the competitive advantage of the Wal-Mart (Gustafson, 2016). According to an article published in the International Business Times, from many years, Amazon is the fast growing internet company among all the companies. The company is gaining competitive advantage because of its diversified and advanced business model. The business model of Amazon is helpful to get competitive advantage compared to other e-commerce site. In starting, the Amazon was founded to sell the books online but once Amazon became leader in book selling, the company rapidly expanded into other retail products such as household items, electronic products and much more. Basically, the fast growing technology is the reason of the competitive advantage of Amazon. There are thousands of products on the Amazon and no any competitor is able compete the prices of Amazon. Customers are able to find out the products which are affordable by them. They can also able to order that product by one click. These factors prove that Amazon has competitive advantage across many retail compani es (Magee, 2011). Analysis and Explanation Wal-Marts strategy Wal-Mart uses low cost leadership strategy and product differentiation strategy for getting competitive advantage in the market. The Sloan of Wal-Mart is Save money, live better. Low-Cost Leadership: According to an article posted on MSNBC, by the cost cutting in the prices of products, Wal-Mart has increased 3.6% in net income. Consumers are ready to shop and spend in Wal-Mart because there are many products of lower costs in Wal-Mart. Along with this, during the recession; Wal-Mart gets advantage because of this strategy (Boone Kurtz, 2013). Differentiation Strategy: Wal-Mart uses product differentiation strategy to create uniqueness in the product or services compared to the competitors. This strategy is used by the Wal-Mart to attract the customers so that they feel special in the provided products. Wal-Mart marks the products in such a way so that it makes feel exclusive to the customers. Wal-Mart has got competitive advantage by offering brands images and warranties to the customers. The customers of Wal-Mart believe that the product they got is unique and exclusive (Brumfitt, 2001). The competitive advantage of Wal-Mart can be analyzed by the Portes five forces: Figure 1: Wal-Mart's Competitive analysis (Source: Brumfitt, 2001) Amazons Strategy Amazon has its presence across the world and it has faced high competition in the market. Because of similarity in the products, scope of business there are many competitors of Amazon in the market. This company also focuses on the cost leadership and differentiation strategy to attract the customers. The company not only provides books abut also many retail products are provided by the Amazon (Turnbull Valla, 2013). The strategies adopted by the Amazon are as follows: The aim of the company is to compete with the competitors in terms of prices of the products and delivery of the products on the time. The objective of the company is to become market leader in the market of e-commerce and physical commerce. Amazon focuses on increasing the profitability by providing the products in lower prices compared to the competitors. Amazon provides variety of products to compete against the competitors through competitive prices, cost leadership and product differentiation strategies (Miller, 2012). Company believes that the demand for online shopping will increase everyday because consumers always find the moist suitable and effective way for shopping. Amazon offers those products that are at a lower price and differentiate the services with the competitors in terms of customer services and delivery of products. Along with this, company has global presence with stable financial performance that enables the company to increase market base of customers (Taleghani, Biabani, Gilaninia, Rahbarinia, Mousavian, 2011). The competitive advantage of Amazon can be seen in the figure: Figure 2: Amazon's Competitive analysis (Source: Brumfitt, 2001) Conclusion This report is basically discussed on the competitive advantages of two companies. For the discussion, two companies named Wal-Mart and Amazon has been taken. For the above discussion, it has been observed that, the competitive environment of Wal-Mart is unique. Wal-Mart has top position in the market. The company set low cost of the products compared to the competitors for the customers. Wal-Mart provides offers and discounts on the products to the customers. Along with this, Wal-Mart provides best products on the lower prices as compared to the competitors. In case of Amazon, it has been observed that The Company is gaining competitive advantage because of its diversified and advanced business model. The business model of Amazon is helpful to get competitive advantage compared to other e-commerce site. There are thousands of products on the Amazon and no any competitor is able compete the prices of Amazon. Because of low-cot strategy and product differentiation strategy, both the c ompanies are successful in getting competitive advantage in their areas. References Boone, L., Kurtz, D. (2013),Contemporary marketing. USA: Cengage Learning Brumfitt, K., (2001), The Competitive Business Environment, UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Gustafson, K., (2016), Wal-Mart is gobbling up its competitors' lunchand it isn't going to stop, accessed on 26th November 2016 from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/12/wal-mart-is-gobbling-up-its-competitors-lunch-and-it-isnt-going-to-stop.html He, N. (2012), How to Maintain Sustainable Competitive advantages- Case StudyManagement on the Evolution of Organisational Strategic Management: International Journal of Business Administration, 3(5), 45-51. Magee, D., (2011), Amazon: The Most Competitive Business Ever Built, accessed on 26th November 2016 from https://www.ibtimes.com/amazon-most-competitive-business-ever-built-818659 Miller, M. (2012). Amazon's Game Changer, accessed on 26th November 2016 from https://www.thedeal.com/content/tmt/amazon-inc-kiva-robots-macd.php Radulovich, L. P., Pendleton, G., Scherer, R. F., Javalgi, G. R., (2005), Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Internet Firms - A Strategic Framework and Implications for Global Marketers: International Marketing Review, 22(6), 658-672. Sols, B., Humberto, Casadesus-Masanell, R., Grifell-Tatj, E., (2016), Business Model Evaluation: Quantifying Walmarts Sources of Advantage: Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal Taleghani, M., Biabani, S., Gilaninia, S., Rahbarinia, S. A., Mousavian, S. J.,(2011), Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review :The Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Relationship Marketing Benefits, 1(3), 78-86 Turnbull, P. W., Valla, J. P., (2013),Strategies for international industrial marketing. USA: Croom Helm

What we can do to protect Ozone layer

Ozone layer is found on earth’s upper atmosphere. It is made of ozone (O3) which protects living things on earth from damaging effect of sun’s UV light. It is crucial to protect Ozone layer for living things to survive on earth’s surface. The various ways to protect Ozone layer include;Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What we can do to protect Ozone layer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Preventing human activities which destroy Ozone layer; this entails regulating manufacturing companies which emit chlorofluorocarbon to the atmosphere. Chlorofluorocarbon is a leading cause of ozone layer depletion. It is important to conserve the environment through restricting deforestation and encouraging people to plant trees in order to increase plants growth and oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. Introducing policies geared to protect ozone layer depletion; governments should adopt rules a nd regulations to prohibit activities which emit Ozone layer depleting substances. These policies should block manufacturers from producing products which contain substances which deplete Ozone layer like chlorofluorocarbon and methyl bromide. Development of alternative technologies to supplement those ones contributing to Ozone layer depletion; this includes finding alternative commodity to supplement use timber which lead deforestation, fire extinguisher which contain halogenated carbon, and assembling machines which do not emit chlorofluorocarbon. Carrying out research to find out and recover any Ozone depleting substances in our houses and equipments. These substances exist in our homes without our knowledge. It is important to invent a new technology of detecting these substances in order to fully eliminate them earlier before they cause more damage to Ozone layer. Everybody should take initiative to protect the Ozone layer. This includes people avoiding use of items which cont ain substances which deplete Ozone layer. For instance buying and use aerosols and sprays made of chlorofluorocarbon, fire extinguishers with halogenated carbon, insulating material made of chlorofluorocarbon, and maintaining and regularly servicing air conditioners, freezer coils and car air conditioners to prevent them from emitting chlorofluorocarbon. Individuals should report incidences posing threat to ozone layer like use of bromethane in fields and on crops. It is vital for people to reduce activities leading to air pollution like servicing their cars and others machines regularly and use alternative means for transport like use of common buses, bicycles and walking.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it is important to minimize high altitude aircrafts rockets and air crafts because they contribute to Ozone layer depletion. Also, companies should decrease or c ontrol realizing of high temperature steam to atmosphere since it is one of the contributing factors to ozone layer depletion. Strict implementation of existing policies Ozone layer protection is necessary. Governments and everyone should have responsibility of ensuring that all local and international policies regarding Ozone layer protection are adhered to. High fines should be imposed on those found breaking these policies. Public education on importance of Ozone layer and how to protect it are required in order to create conscious and make people understand the dangers of Ozone layer depletion. Financial support from the government and well wishers to promote and facilitate activities promoting Ozone layer protection is required. This includes funding of programs like tree planting, sanitation program and public education program geared to protect ozone layer. People should advocate for improved regulations and control policies from the government and other concerned authorities to protect of Ozone layer. This is to emphasize on its importance and push for better reforms on Ozone layer protection. Bureau of standards should scrutinize all new products to confirm if they contain Ozone layer depleting substances before they are approved to circulate in the market. This research paper on What we can do to protect Ozone layer was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Controversy of Marilyn Monroes Death essays

Controversy of Marilyn Monroes Death essays In the early hours of August 5, 1962, Marilyn Monroes body was found with a bottle of sleeping pills by her side, the local coroner said that the circumstances of her death indicated possible suicide. What nobody knew back then is that it would cause controversies for the next forty plus years. Many people do not believe that Monroe died from suicide, but possibly from murder or an accidental overdose. Why is it that someone would commit suicide if they seemed so happy before? She had been planning to remarry Joe DiMaggio. It could be that she was killed because of the scandal she had been a part of. Monroe had had an affair with, more than likely, both the Kennedy brothers during the time of JFKs time in office. Thats why Marilyn Monroe was murdered by the white House to cover up her affair with JFK and her cause of death was not suicide. Granted some believe that Marilyn Monroes cause of death was suicide of an overdose of sleeping pills; however Marilyn Monroe did not commit suicide, even though it is the official cause of death listed on her autopsy and is probably the most widely believed. She had tried it four times previously and she clearly had significant mood swings. There have been too many forensic facts that are at odds with the suicide theory. Forensic experts have discarded this theory as inconsistent with the facts, unless someone could imagine Monroe making up a barbiturate enema and administering it to herself. Also Marilyn Monroe seemed to be in good spirits at the time of her death and had been making plans for future events, such as, movies and possibly a remarriage to Joe DiMaggio. (Theories-Suicide 1) Monroe was found on August 5, 1962 with unhealthy levels of barbiturate in her bloodstream. But the t...

HYDROCEPHALUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HYDROCEPHALUS - Essay Example Hydrocephalus is a pathological state in which the amount of the cerebrospinal fluid rises from the normal amount in the ventricular system (Mitchell et al 2007). Hydrocephalus can result due to many causes which mainly result in altering the normal pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid. The mechanisms include a rise in the formation of the fluid from the choroid plexus or if the re-absorption of the fluid becomes altered. These two reasons are not very common and hydrocephalus is more frequently associated with a blockage in the normal circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (Govan et al 1995). Hydrocephalus mainly results due to other diseases that affect the human body. The causes may be associated with pathologies of the ventricular system or they may be due to causes outside the ventricular system. Meningitis associated with bacteria, sarcoidosis, trauma to the head and hemorrhages within the subarachnoid space are highlighted as the causes not within the ventricular system that result in the blockage of cerebrospinal fluid. Tumors, colloid cysts, and formation of abscess within the cerebellum, formation of hematomas within the cerebellum or the brain-stem and Arnold Chiari malformation are the intra-ventricular causes that result in hydrocephalus (Davidson et al 2009). Hydrocephalus can affect people from all age groups. It affects infants, people in their old ages as well as adults. Women with increased weight have a risk of developing this condition and these women do not present with any other underlying cause. If a young child is affected with hydrocephalus, the head increases in size. This is owing to the fact that the sutures in the child are open which provides space for the spread of the cerebrospinal fluids. In adults, the sutures are closed and it is because of this that the patient does not present with an increase in head size (Davidson et al 2009; Mitchell et al

Volunteeer at CAtholic charities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volunteeer at CAtholic charities - Essay Example They have a mission statement that serves to explain what the organization is, its grounds and reasons for the formation. Their mission statement is: ‘Catholic charities fulfills the church’s role in the mission of charity to anyone in need by providing compassionate, competent and professional services that strengthen and support individuals, families and communities based on the value and dignity of human life’ (Hehir, 23). The Catholic charities offers help to all people regardless of the race, gender, ethnic group or origin. They assist individuals who want to be assisted (Hehir, 23). They cater for the old, young, hungry, those addicted to drugs, those without a home and the friendless. They give these people what society has refused to give them; hope and love. These are two aspects that the Catholic Church has preached on, and the organization runs with the intention of making other people’s lives have meaning. I choose this organization as part of my service learning organization because I would want to give back to my community, a community that I have known and stayed. I aimed at changing the community, to bring a positive impact to the society and the community in general. I wanted to help the ones that need help. In every community, there are those people who require help and aid more than others. I wanted to change their lives through compassion and love. In the organization, my services to the needy included being and assistant. I assisted during meals like serving dinner, packaged food that was to be distributed to the hungry. I also worked in the clothing rooms and food pantries and also assisted in various other services apart from the meals section. I assisted in computer data entry, and I did learn a lot. Volunteering in the provision of services to the needy made me see the connection between my service learning activity and my major. There were some courses that were connecte d and came to aid.

Post high school through adulthood Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post high school through adulthood - Article Example Unemployment has a strong impact in individual development since it directly affects one’s means of living. Without a stable job, an individual’s capacity to grow is suppressed because of the limited capacity to endeavor on activities that might strengthen a person’s personal disposition and social interaction. For instance, a jobless student would either drop out from school if there really is no chance of getting work to support tuition fees. Some would also dismiss getting into hobbies or sports activities since these are added costs on leisure. Since unemployment is a worldwide issue for several years now due to the current economic crisis, the bearing of this issue if felt by almost everyone particularly of the working class. Personally, the decreasing unemployment rate affects me in a way that the opportunities for me in getting a stable job in the future after my studies is scarce and therefore a great challenge to deal with. Every year, thousands of new graduates are facing the same problem and worse, there is no guarantee that the number of work available for the whole population will expand and stabilize. Hence, the government must develop policies to strengthen the economy by providing enough jobs for its people and increase trade and investment programs. Gilger, Mark Jr. (August 4, 2012). County employment rate increases in June. The Republican Herald. Retrieved from

Human Social Welfare

Human Social Welfare Human Societies in general comprises different social classes with inhabitants ranging from privileged to under-privileged. There exist a number of philosophies to cater social needs of different establishments and in accordance with them people select their methodologies, policies and overall strategies History of Social Welfare and Social Work A program initiated with a vision to provide assistance, support, limited income and services that can benefit the needy in a society can be defined as undertaken for the social welfare. Societies face numerous problems especially the low-income families and those which have no income at all, social work involves analysis of practices suggested by social scientists, conducting research to understand the areas causing problems, evaluating solutions and devising strategies to improve the life of those suffering with poverty or injustice. Social work is aimed at proving social welfare as its focused at positively affecting human living conditions, life style, health, education, food ammunitions. Any government or non-governmental organization can start serving humanity with their social work aimed at the welfare of the people in their community. Providing each individual with quality education, every patient with proper medical facilities, goods and services at affordable prices, shelte r to tragedy striven, employment opportunities and assistance to old citizens are the services social welfare organizations usually provide to the humanity. According to the residual concept of social welfare an individual who has left with no other means of help from his family, work or any where else and has a cause to defend his need would be considered for the sustenance provided by the state. Welfare provision is often seen as being for the poor. This was the dominant model in English-speaking countries; the English Poor Law (1598-1948) was exported to many other countries. This has been taken as the model of a residual system of welfare, in which welfare is a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise. (Spiker, 1995) In the light of institutional concept of social welfare state tries its best to protect people from the cost they would have to incur for their survival in an industrialized capitalist market, here the cause of need is not the driver but the need itself is. In this system every social class can be benefited. This concept serves the entire public by establishing development authorities, educational institutions, hospitals, military and law enforcement. UK and Sweden practice Institutional concept of welfare for its state. There is a concept of liberalism in United States that emphasizes on individual liberty strictly denying restrictions imposed by state, religion or social structures. This liberalism has three classes, classic, social and neo liberalism. Classic liberalism emphasizes strongly over individual liberty and minimum hold of state. The philosophy here supports individual rights of property, free trade, and the decision one makes out of his rational mind-set. Social liberalism has an added economic and social aspect of politics. It highlights the need for the whole society to preserve individuals right of liberty. Its usually been applied in mixed economies and with government providing services to private enterprises conducting their business and consumer services. Its philosophers consider lack of basic human needs like education, health and employment triggers the threat to individual as well as social liberty. Neoliberalism suggests economic liberty as the foundation of economic develop ment for any nation. Income taxes, individuals right of property, deregulation, trade liberalization etc are the pre-requisites of neoliberalism. Conservative philosophers believe in the rule of law over liberty and individual rights. They consider implication of law mandatory on the economic, political and social ideology of people. Classical conservatism prioritize legacy of laws over individuals speculated rational decisions. It has tradition and religion codes focused at the perseverance of both. In fiscal conservatism there is a limit to all the taxes, government intervention and budgetary laws. Social conservatism is centered at preserving social norms and cultural values. Judeo Christian system has a concept of sharing value system common to both the religion. The Jew considers Christians as adopters of some of the values from their faith. The concept of merging belief system could also serve humanitarian values as it increases the tolerance for people belonging to different religion, creating acceptability among communities and bring peace. American system is Judeo Christian with the history that founders of the nati on were more of the believers of being heirs to the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible and the belief in liberty. This sense of mission is why more Americans have died for the liberty of others than any other nations soldiers. It is why those who today most identify with the Judeo-Christian essence of America are more likely to believe in the moral worthiness of dying to liberate countries not only Europe, but Korea, Vietnam and Iraq. That is why America stands alone in protecting two little countries threatened with extinction, Israel and Taiwan. (Prager, 2004, p.5764) The concept is extending to introduce Judeo Christian- Muslim. Even Islamic teachings concentrates on spreading peace on earth rather then promoting terrorism which is the exploitation of the essence of the religion by those who are the enemies of world peace and stability. The Poor Laws in England identified poor as belonging to three groups, those who cant work at all, those who cant find work and those who were not willing to work. A poor relief fund was created and workhouses for able-poor while the idle ones were punished. Elizabeth Poor law of 1601 formularized the relief process by creating a collectivist national system made by imposing taxes and provided services to poor. The deserving poor were provided with food, money and even clothing. Those who needed work were placed at workhouses and were even given places to live while those that were not willing to work were sent to houses of correction. A parish was responsible for identifying and providing sustenance to its poor. The alms provided outside the workhouse were called outdoor relief. Some economists consider American Poor Law comparable to English poor Law reform of 1834. According to a critic Stephen Pimpare Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Hunter College CUNY: During these periods of profound economic transformation, they used similar arguments to make ending or restricting relief an act of compassion, not cruelty, thus giving political viability and moral legitimacy to their self-serving cause. Such propaganda was disseminated through similar kinds of well-funded and well-connected organizations of â€Å"experts,† which functioned as mediating institutions, linking their funders, the media, and the political system; those funders remained behind the scenes during these battles, achieving their goals by dressing their economic campaigns in moral rhetoric. (Pimpare, 2003) Protestant ethics is being considered as an evolutionary force behind capitalism. Unlike other religion it encouraged the followers to pursue economic growth. Under this view Economic gain was focused, activities for the pursuit of worldly benefits was encouraged and given positive meaning. Some critics condemn such behavior of protestant preachers as being aimed at saving their position by establishing opportunities like material growth appreciable in religion. Laissez-Faire introduces an economic concept which rejects the intervention by the government in the form of taxes and other charges that are above then the one required to carry the specified services like individual rights, peace and security government is supposed to provide. It stresses the need of individual rights, personal freedom and free market. States unnecessary regulation and protection skims the profits and leave business world dissatisfied. Reference: Pimpare, S. (2003, Aug) The Poor Law Strikes Home?  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Online Retrieved 2008-02-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p62621_index.html Prager, D. (2004) â€Å"What does Judeo-Christian mean?†. Jewish World View 8 Nissan, 5764, Retrieved 2008-03-04 from http://focusonjerusalem.com/whatdoesjudeo-christianmean.html Spiker, P. (1995) â€Å"Social Policy and Administration†. Social policy: themes and Approaches, Retrieved 2008-03-04 from http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socpolf.htm

lupus Essay -- essays research papers

What is happening in research?  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many doctors and scientists are investigating the cause and cure of lupus. At medical centres worldwide (including Canada), research has led to improved tests and techniques for diagnosis and better methods for predicting flares. These allow doctors to start treatment sooner, which improves chances for success. As part of research, many centres collect and store patient information and statistics. The results of this data can help doctors and patients make better decisions about treatment of an increasingly wide range of symptoms. This, along with today's advances in technology, the greater awareness about lupus, and the promise of a cure, gives hope to all whose lives are touched by lupus. Lupus Lupus: The disease with 1000 faces! What is lupus?  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lupus is a chronic disease with a variety of symptoms caused by inflammation in one or more parts of the body. It is estimated that it affects more than 50,000 Canadians. Lupus is not contagious and is not related to AIDS or cancer. It belongs in the family of diseases that includes rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, juvenile diabetes, and scleroderma. The most common type of lupus is SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). It is a complex and baffling condition that can target any tissue or organ of the body, including skin, muscles, joints, blood and blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys, and the brain. There are other types of lupus which mainly affect the skin. A few individuals develop drug-induced lupus as a response to some medications used to treat other conditions. These symptoms disappear when the person stops taking the medication. Who gets lupus?  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone can: women, men, children. Between the ages 15 and 45, eight times more women than men get lupus. In those under 15 and over 45, both sexes are affected equally. What causes lupus?  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one knows for sure. What we do know is that, in lupus, the immune system (the body's defense against viruses and bacteria) is unable to tell the difference between intruders and the body's own tissues. Trying to do its job, it attacks parts of the body, causing inflammation and creating the symptoms of lupus.  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because it occurs most often in women of childbearing age, it seems ... ...ts. Sometimes, x-rays, ultrasound examination and biopsies of organ tissues are needed depending on the symptoms and the organs involved. The ANA test  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test is a critical test in the diagnosis of lupus. A normal immune system makes antibodies to fight infection, but in those with lupus, the immune system makes antibodies against its own tissues. If you have lupus, you make an antibody directed against the nucleus of a cell that contains important cellular functional components such as DNA. Almost all systemic lupus patients receive a positive ANA test, but not all ANA positive tests point to a lupus diagnosis. This is a very important point. If you get a positive test result, it could be pointing to one of a number of autoimmune problems, or to no autoimmune problem at all. It could be without any clinical consequences. Because the results could mean a number of things, it is critical that a rheumatologist evaluate the test. Visible Signs and Symptoms of Discoid Lupus Skin Lesions and Scabbing Swelling of Extremities and Joints Scabbing and skin irritation of the ears Irritation and swelling on the face The End

Leverage and leveraged finance

Leveraged finance usually means funding a company with more debt than it is worth. Leveraged finance is used to gain specific, short term objectives like acquiring a company through buy outs or buy-ins, or parking funds in assets which generate fast and excessive returns over the cost of funding. The Sub – Prime crisis of recent times makes it important to keep the above definition in mind. Implicit in all finance deals is the ‘down-side ‘or risk that a lot of value (money in plain terms) would simply disappear if the wrong calculations are made. In finance a lot of calculated instinct is based around the capacity of an entity to service or repay its loans. This also raises the question of faith – on the organization’s capacity to perform and therefore repay its debts along with associated costs, chiefly interest related, and returns. Putting a lever to something means firmly positioning it to perform a task. In the language of finance, leveraging would mean to strengthen the power of a company’s funds to attract more returns by borrowing yet more funds – usually short term.   Leveraged financing is the issue of high yielding bonds or funds borrowed from banks to fund the takeover of companies or buy outs by existing members (buy in) or an outside stakeholder (takeover). The ratio of the company’s debts (borrowings) and the company’s return on equity (money borrowed and invested elsewhere) decides the risk rating of a borrowing entity. Simply put, the company has to earn enough to repay the cost of its borrowings and make an extremely high profit for its stakeholders. If the cash flow from the operation is negatively affected by the high cost of debt servicing or interest for borrowed funds – the position of the lender is riskier. Therefore the interest or the ‘risk cost’ will be higher. (Fletcher, 288-92) The principle is utilized in investing in stocks. The price of a stock is a reflection of its debt to equity ratio at its market or book value.   Financial leveraging calculates the varying effects of one or the other in arriving at a ratio. It allows higher return to the investor. The loss may be higher too, for the company has to pay servicing costs for borrowings even if its stock is completely eroded. There are levels of leverage financing – either secured bank loans or bonds or comparatively ‘less senior’ subordinated bonds or loans. A leverage financier has to calculate how the finance is to be raised. If he overestimates a company’s capacity pay back the loan, he might lend too much at very low margins. The outcome of this would be that the financier will be unable to sell these loans or bonds. Then again, if a company’s value is underestimated, then the transaction results in a huge loss. The objective of leveraged buy outs is to acquire assets without utilizing its own capital. The following case studies illustrate the impact at different periods in recent times. The Sub Prime Crisis Sub Prime borrowers are those whose debt rating is ‘high risk’ – their ability to pay back their loans is considered weak by banks or financial companies. As compared to ‘prime’ borrowers like companies who are financed with ease, a sub prime or non prime borrower’s credentials are considered poor. This is because they are likely not to repay due to insufficiency of funds. They are then financed at sub prime or higher rates of interest than normal. This makes it profitable for lending institutions. In the USA, the bulk of sub prime borrowers are people who seek to buy houses. The majority has no stable income or is in employment which does not earn enough. Only some months back, in the USA debt was freely available to those who asked – in fact, banks fought among themselves to offer loans to leveraged takeovers and hired the services of agents to ferret out possible borrowers. But now, the markets are talking of credit squeeze. Banks are scrambling to tone up their balance sheets. What led to this problem? It is good to remember that householders, commercial banks, brokers and companies all use leverage differently. Homeowners are said to be ‘anti cyclical’ in their leverage. When assets (in this case, property values) appreciate faster, leverage – a factor of debt to equity, decreases. When asset values shrink, leverage rises. This is because householders keep paying mortgages regardless of cycles of increase or decrease in property values or share prices. When a householder takes, say, $300,000 on a $400,000 house, he has equity of $100,000 or a leverage ratio of 3. Supposing the house price was to increases to $500,000, his equity doubles to $200,000 toning down the leverage ratio to 1:5 (Kar, 165-71) Banks and companies are neither strongly anti nor pro cyclical, choosing fixed leverage ratios whatever happens to the market. Investment banks and broking houses are extremely pro cyclical, ramping up their leverage as asset prices move upward. Brokers employ specialized risk based accounting which allows increased borrowing while prices are rising. Conversely, they have to borrow less as prices fall. While adjusting to risk is natural, these brokers acted against what would be prudent judgment. To explain this – an amateur might think that high priced portfolios run a higher risk. On the other hand, a ‘calm’ market would make him cautious in anticipation of a storm. The finance professionals turn this judgment on its head through an instrument which they have devised called ‘Value at Risk’ (VAR) which considers current market values, no matter how unpredictable the market is. For example, in the valuation of complex portfolios, brokers tended to assume only recent history. A short calm period is taken to project future ‘tranquility’ for more years. So, when a real market risk is present, the ratio of VAR to valuation of assets is low. Companies would consequently be compelled to leverage more when, in fact, they should not have. Till 2007, brokers kept increasing their portfolios of householder finance, apparently because there was apparently less risk. Just as the signal would have been to buy when prices were high, the now confusing indications, based on wrong models, led to prospects of selling when   the housing markets was turbulent. As result, brokers are left with assets of almost $300 billion of hung deals- householders had simply walked away. (King, 68-71) The Long Term Credit Management Crisis of 1998 Another example of the failure of valuation models and the intervention of leveraged funds this crisis had a major impact on global markets. Long Term Capital Management (LTCM), founded in 1994 by John Meriwether, decided to deal in US and other government bonds. The idea was that over time government bonds would be identical in value if released within short gaps of each other. The rate at which these bonds appreciated would be different as in the case of US government bonds which would rise in value faster. The profit would be taken from selling costlier bonds and buying cheaper bonds. The profits did come to such an extent that LTCM had to look around for areas to invest its capital .It went into risk arbitraging -this was outside their expertise. They had to resort to highly leveraged finance to sustain return on equity. Their equity was almost 5 billion dollars against borrowings of $125 million. The proceeds were also used in investing in equity derivatives. By end August 1997, the company had lost most of its capital due to some downtrends which its managers could not read earlier –specially the Great Asian Meltdown of 1997 – and still had to pay the huge borrowing costs. Leverage had doomed the company. The Dot Com Bubble Through the early 90’s and till the first years of 2000, information technology was surging forward on extremely encouraging forecasts about its future in the world. Entrepreneurs were able to float technology companies, financed by venture capital which was riding on the prospects of fantastic returns. No one realized that these companies had nothing up front to offer which could be valued in rational terms. Huge leverage was sought in order to follow this boom around the world. The bubble was pricked as fast as it had been blown up – and companies and capital vanished. (Lamb, 434-38) Works cited: Fletcher, Robert. Art of Financial Economics: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing. Christchurch: Howard & Price. 2006 Kar, Pranab. History of Modern American Finance. Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2005 King, Herbert. Fiscal Fitness Today Vol. IV Plymouth: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005 Lamb, Davis. Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata. Wellington: National Book Tru

How to Conjugate Voler (to Fly, Steal) in French

How to Conjugate Voler (to Fly, Steal) in French The French verb  voler  has two very interesting meanings. While it may be used for to fly, as in an airplane or as a bird does, it may also mean to steal, as in robbing someone or taking something. In orer to use  voler  properly, you will need to commit its conjugations to memory. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essentials you need to know. The Basic Conjugations of  Voler French verb conjugations can be a challenge because you have more words to memorize than you would in English. Thats because the verb changes not only with the tense but for every subject pronoun within each tense as well. The good news is that  voler  is a  regular -er verb. It follows some very common rules of conjugation and youll use these for the majority of French verbs. That makes each new one you study just a bit easier than the last. The first step in any conjugation is to find the radical of the verb (its stem). In this case, that is  vol-. With that, use the table to study the different endings you need to apply for the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. For example, I am flying is  je vole  and we stole is  nous volions. Present Future Imperfect je vole volerai volais tu voles voleras volais il vole volera volait nous volons volerons volions vous volez volerez voliez ils volent voleront volaient The Present Participle of  Voler The present participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ant to the radical. For voler, this gives us volant. Voler  in the Compound Past Tense The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is common in the French language. It is the compound past tense and its relatively easy to construct. You will begin by  conjugating avoir, the auxiliary verb, to fit your subject in the present tense. Then, all you need to do is add the  past participle  volà ©. This gives us  jai volà ©Ã‚  for I flew and  nous avons volà ©Ã‚  for we stole. More Simple Conjugations of  Voler Whenever you need to bring the act of flying or stealing into question,  the subjunctive  can be used. If, however, the act is dependent on something, then youll need  the conditional. In written French, youll likely encounter the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive  forms of  voler  as well. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je vole volerais volai volasse tu voles volerais volas volasses il vole volerait vola volt nous volions volerions volmes volassions vous voliez voleriez voltes volassiez ils volent voleraient volrent volassent The French imperative  form  drops all formality, along with the subject pronoun. When using it for short sentences, you can simplify it from  tu vole  to  vole. Imperative (tu) vole (nous) volons (vous) volez

Analysing Ecological And The Psychodynamic Theories To Explain Social Behaviour Social Work Essay Essays

Analysing Ecological And The Psychodynamic Theories To Explain Social Behaviour Social Work Essay Essays Analysing Ecological And The Psychodynamic Theories To Explain Social Behaviour Social Work Essay Paper Analysing Ecological And The Psychodynamic Theories To Explain Social Behaviour Social Work Essay Paper This essay uses the ecological and the psychodynamic theories to explicate societal behavior, predict the results and explicate the hypothesis therefore doing an initial appraisal on the Banks household. The essay will discourse the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories, the similarities and the differences between both of them and it will reason that human life and behavior is such a strong illustration that a individual theory can non satisfactorily history for all events across the life span. However, it will asseverate that in respect to the Banks household, the ecological theoretical account has an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it holistically encompasses figure of issues such as fiscal security, stuff benefits, lodging, and parents history among others which do have effects on the hazard of kid maltreatment. The issues identified in the Banks household include ; Mark s intimidation, individuality issues, and Ken s negative early life minutess and his relationship with Mark. To turn to these issues, the societal work will utilize the ecological theory. The ground for taking the ecological theory is because it is compatible with the appraisal model ( 2000 ) ( DOH 2000a ) as it links household history, cistrons, parents and their off springs relationship, economic factors, parental relationship experiences, persons ability to get by or pull off the emphasis and the synergistic consequence of hazards ( Ciccheti and Valentino: 2006 ) . Therefore, establishing on the ecological position, the societal work will hold to work within Mark s ecology ( Bilson A ; Ross: 1999 p.70-71 ) to happen out the troubles that the household might be confronting and to besides happen possible solution ( Ward: 1995 ) . The societal worker will research the three ecological dimensions which are ; Mark s developmental demands, Mel and Ken s parenting capacity and household environmental factors ( D.O.H 2000a ) . The societal workers will originate an honest and unfastened partnership with the household with an purpose of safeguarding and advancing the public assistance of Mark and his siblings. This will be for the parents to experience confident therefore prosecuting in the appraisal by supplying relevant information about Mark, Mel and John, themselves. He should besides endeavor to happen out about Mark s paternity and any familial heritage or disposition issues that might be between Mark and his biological male parent ( Aldgate and Bradley 1999 ) . The societal work will research the parents history by bespeaking them to depict who they are and the tendency of their relationship with Mark. This model will assist the societal worker to mix the historical and current information about the household, its operation, jobs and relationships ( Reder and Duncan: 1999 p.98-101 ) with the position of happening out what is go oning to Mark in the context of the full Banks household and the environmental factors and how they affect the household relationships. Other issues that will hold to be looked into are ; the household income, vicinity and Mark s friendly relationships with his equals. This is because there is a nexus between the household s economic disadvantage and the opportunities that kids in the household will non thrive ( Utting:1995, Jack: 1997 ) It is besides noteworthy that Ken is firmly attached to his biological kids ( Mel and John ) and non to Mark who is his step-child. That should trip the societal worker s wonder thence researching both the parents emotional handiness, reactivity, and their attributions to Mark and compare it with the manner they interact with Mel and John. This can be done through direct observation, oppugning and garnering testimonies from other important people including professionals such as the general practician and the instructors ( Department of Health 2000a ) . The societal cubic decimeter worker will besides research Ken s childhood experiences because they might be act uponing or doing consequence to his relationship with Mark ( Sroufe et al 2005: p.10 ) . This implies that the quality of attention that Ken is supplying Mark might in itself be a merchandise of his ain developmental history which is characterised by holding been in attention during childhood, holding no male parent figure, therefore his labored relationship with his female parent ( Cicchetti and Valentino: 2006 p.148 ) . It is besides noteworthy that all Mark s attempts to cognize his biological male parent proved to be ineffectual. And because of this, Mark might be sing identity issues such as low self- regard, hapless self-image and a hapless sense of belonging and credence by the household hence his negative behavior ( Draper A ; Draper: 1982, p.26 ) . For this ground, the societal worker should guarantee that he gathers every bit much information about Mark s biological male parent as possible merely in instance Mark expresses wants to see or to cognize about him. In respect to Mark s intimidation job, the societal worker would transport out direct work with him. In order to understate the anti discriminatory and anti subjugation pattern, the societal worker will hold to see his age, gender and civilization, faith and any disablement or developmental issues. He will hold to admit and esteem Mark s wants, feelings and his apprehension of the deductions of the state of affairs in which he finds himself therefore doing the appraisal kid centred ( DOH 2000a ) . The societal worker would besides research Mark s friendly relationships and how the interaction therein influences his negative behavior ( Rutter et al, 1998 ) . At the terminal of the session, depending on what the societal worker makes out of Mark s behavior and his social-emotional status he may mention Mark for psychological appraisal to farther set up his emotional well-being. The result of the psychological appraisal will so be used during the nucleus appraisal to inform the appropriate program of intercession to guarantee Mark development, safety and well-being ( Department of Health 2000a ) Advantages of the ecological theory. The advantage of utilizing ecological attack is that it focuses on the relationships in minutess between the systems in the ecology therefore understating the sensitivity of the professionals to believe entirely in additive footings therefore accommodating a broad scope of intercession hence researching issues such as societal support, societal capital and socio-economic troubles that people experience ( Garbarino 1990 ) . The ecological position is an incorporate theoretical account which acknowledges the effects of the biological, psychological societal and economic factors that affect the wellbeing of persons ( Payne, 1994 ) . Disadvantages of utilizing the ecological theory? Despite all the advantages of the ecological attack, it is a long procedure for households or persons who need speedy solutions for their jobs ( Payne 1997 ) . The psychodynamic attack Another theory that can be used to construe the Banks household s phenomena, predict the results and explicate the hypothesis is the psychodynamic theory. The ground for taking the psychodymic theory is that it emphasises back uping the self-importance which is a world component of the head hence supplying stableness and equilibrium to the service user. Through utilizing this attack, the societal worker will be able to back up Ken and Mark to develop equal self-importance strength which will enable so to pull off their emotional struggles and the snags that they may come across in the life span ( Goldstein: 1984 ) . It is noteworthy that both Mark and Ken do hold unresolved issues or struggles which do have roots from their single childhoods. For that ground, the societal worker will research Ken and Mark s witting and unconscious parts of the heads at that place by doing any reserved painful stuffs therein witting hence gaining their impact on their surface behavior ( Bee and Boyd, 2006 ) . By concentrating on Mark and Ken s yesteryear and present unconscious and witting feelings, the societal worker may to be able to foretell and explicate how Mark and Ken may act during certain state of affairss or conditions. This is underpinned by the psychodynamic rule that all behavior is motivated ( Bee and Boyd, 2006 ) . Due to the emotional issues already identified, the societal worker may research the how both Mark and Ken s egos map and their defense mechanism mechanisms. Through respecting and working with their defense mechanisms, the societal worker is ought to recognize the menaces that both Mark and Ken face in life and he will discourse the effects and confusion of their feelings. The societal worker would besides happen out how both Mark and Ken have already tried to decide the struggles before make up ones minding either to look for other possible ways of covering with it for illustration utilizing sublimation or to modify the ways that they have already tried to utilize ( Hollis, 1972 ) . In respect to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive pattern, it is helpful to give the appraisal within the model or position of recognizing the deduction of structural and persons oppressive pattern which leads professionals into an autocratic and stiffly prejudiced pattern ( Davis, ed. , 2000:12,14 cited in Becket A ; Maynard: 2005 p.158 ) . This implies that during appraisal, professionals are ought to listen and besides regard and take into consideration the service user s and carer s positions, picks, age, civilization, faith and needs as this makes them experience valued and respected ( Brandon, 1990: p.59 cited in Becket A ; Maynard, 2005: p.158 ) . Additionally, Payne ( 1997: p.89 ) advises that in professional relationship, societal work values involve being tolerant to service users behavior, advancing healthy client-social worker relationship, instead than personal emotional responses to serve user s demands. This may intend that professionals are ought to make professional alternatively of personal relationships with the service users which might negatively impact their independency and nonpartisanship. Advantages of the psychodynamic theory The advantage of the psychodynamic theory in societal work is that it recognises the impact of past painful life transactional procedures and helps to make good intuitions about them in relation to the current discernible behavior ( Milner A ; OByrne 2009 ) . The psychodynamic theory besides lays accent on modifying the self-importance through originating good client-social worker relationship ( Goldstein: 1984 ) , therefore bettering people s relationships within their environment ( Payne 1997:80 ) . The disadvantages of the psychodynamic theory. However, critics of the psychodynamic theory such as Dorfman ( 1998: P.70 ) contend that it is an andocentric theory. This implies that the psychodynamic theory is based on research that was done entirely on males and so taken to intend all human behavior which itself is a prejudice in favor of males and therefore partial. Similarity and differences btn the psycho and eco theory. One of the similarities between the psychodynamic and the ecological theory is that both of them consider age and phase rightness of behavior. While the psychodynamic theory takes into history the anal, unwritten and phallic phases of development, the ecological- transactional position positions child development as a progressive sequence of age and phase -appropriate undertakings in which success at each developmental degree must organize and incorporate with the environment and other issues such as emotion ordinance, and formation of attachment relationships among others that emerge across the lifetime ( Cicchetti and Valentiono 2006 p.143 ) . Although these two theories do hold the above similarity, they besides have differences. For illustration, while the psychodynamic theory upholds the construct of the being of the unconscious head or consciousness ( Payne 1997 ) , the ecological position focal points on the rule of interaction among the persons and it besides depicts persons as bing in relation to others in the ecology ( Reder and Duncan 1999 p.98-101 ) . In relation to child maltreatment, Sidebotham et Al ( 2002 ) argue that the psychodynamic theoretical accounts are lacking to give account in this respect and he calls for the usage of the ecological theoretical accounts because they include a figure of issues such as fiscal security, stuff benefits, lodging, and parents history among others which do have effects on the hazard of kid maltreatment. Decision Given the complexness of the Banks household phenomena, the quest to explicate the behavior, predict the results and explicate the hypothesis requires one to utilize theories otherwise ; the appraisal would be adrift and woolly. Therefore, this essay has used the psychodynamic and the ecological theory to discourse how an appraisal would be done to back up the Banks household. It has explored the ethical rule of anti-discriminatory and oppressive pattern. It has besides discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each of them before placing the similarity and the difference between them and it has given the complicity of human life, all theories work in a complimentary manner to give societal workers an eclectic apprehension of issues in the phenomena with one theory assisting to explicate certain issues more clearly than the other. And in instance of kid ill-treatment, the ecological theoretical accounts has been has had an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it has ho listically encompassed figure of issues such as fiscal security, stuff benefits, lodging, parents history among others which do have effects on the hazard of kid maltreatment.

Analyze the character of Joe. (The book A Time of Your Life by William Essay

Analyze the character of Joe. (The book A Time of Your Life by William Saroyan - Essay Example Staged in 1939, the play takes place in ‘Nick’s’ which has been described as an American place and a San Francisco water-front honky-tonk and the central character has vital features altogether. â€Å"The central character is Joe, an independently wealthy ne’er-do-well who, like Squier in his aimlessness, spends his money freely and treating everyone unlucky to drink or cash.† (Krasner, 19) Therefore, the character of Joe in this celebrated play is an important topic of analysis and discussion and this paper undertakes to analyze what makes him behave and speak as he does, how his interactions with other characters reveal his character, what are his chief limitations and, finally, how the character of Joe lives up to or fails to match Saroyan’s opening declaration. In a close understanding of the major character in the play, it becomes lucid that Joe has been an important character revealing the major themes of the play and he lives up to the designs of Saroyan in the play, although there are views suggesting that none of the characters is completed developed to represent all the aspects of the playwright’s points. The character of Joe in the play The Time of Your Life by William Saroyan has been an important agent carrying the plot as well as the representation of the major themes forward and through this character the playwright suggests his major arguments. For example, it is through character of Joe that the playwright develops his major theme of success in the play, and he not only tells about this theme but shows it through the character. â€Å"Saroyan’s descriptions and the actions of the characters are very telling and indicate that the author is interested in what makes someone a good or happy person beyond what is generally considered financial and social success in America. Joe, for example, has made such a large amount of money that he can afford to sit at Nick’s without a job,

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Business Ethics - Essay Example is a right that is inherent to all human beings, irrespective of their nationality, sex, location, ethnic or national origin, religion, color, language or whichever other status (Fiester, 2006). What is common among all of the rights is that there is a freedom or entitlement to an individual. There are three features that define a moral right. One feature is that moral rights are natural meaning that they are not invented or created by the government. Moral rights are universal and this means they do not change from one nation to another. Finally they are equal in meaning and they are the same for all persons, irrespective of race, gender or handicap (Fiester, 2006). We know that people need human rights since they need protection. Human rights give people protection from other people or state. Individuals should have rights so as to be able to protect their freedom, interests, equal status, values, opportunities and other projects of life against the attack by those powerful than them. A utilitarian basis, in a sense that is strict is the one that argues that one should do something as it will produce more happiness to the greatest number than doing something else. Act Utilitarianism (AU) is defined as the moral theory that holds that the morally right action, the action that one has a moral duty to perform, is the one that is likely to maximize utility (Barasbi, 2011). The utilitarian argument in the sense of a looser is the one that claims that one should do something due to its good results, where bad or good results need not be restricted to what increases or decreases happiness. However, it may comprise other things that a strict utilitarian theory attaches no negative or positive fundamental value to. Kantian ethics is based on what Immanuel Kant alleged is the absolute principle of morality, the Categorical Imperative. He alleged that there were a few diverse though equal ways of positioning a Categorical Imperative. The first is the universal law

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on Essay

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on 20th Century Music in the West - Essay Example The emergence of sound system dances allowed for the spread of Jamaican music throughout the Western world. Jamaican music evolved through commercialization, starting from a point of trying to appeal through human emotional issues, but eventually taking on the role as a central part of the political evolution of Jamaica during the latter 20th Century. As Bob Marley took on an international presence, he and others who followed brought reggae to the United States where it influenced the evolution of politically volatile rap music. The influences of Jamaican music on the Western world evolved from an island that was undergoing social and political change. Jamaican Music Development History of the Jamaican Sound The history of Jamaica is mixed between the African heritage and the colonialism of Europe. The main language of Jamaica of the island is English, but the traditional history of the region is that evolved from small villages on the island from the roots of an African heritage whi ch was untouched by European influence. From the evidence of the primarily European influences on daily life, it can be concluded that Jamaica is primarily a European influenced culture but has retained the flavor of Africa in its arts. According to Chang and Chen, â€Å"the performance style of authentic folk music in Jamaica is African, no matter what the origins of the music†.1 The proof of this is seen in Rastafarian renditions of European Bible hymns in which complicated percussive expressions and the insertion of syncopations not in the original music are decidedly African influenced. Additionally, the use of relaxed vocal timbre which obtains the sound from the face rather than from the head expresses an African style as opposed to a European influence.2 One of the more prevalent techniques that can be seen in Jamaica that is directly influenced from Africa is the call and answer group vocal technique. Most music in both the African and Jamaican format is conceived voc ally. This is so important that there exists a ‘sing-talk’ format that can be considered the precursor to rap. The call and answer form, which is fairly self-explanatory, is a core of African and Jamaican musical performance. Rural Jamaican music is rife with this format and it has been translated as an influential factor into ska, rocksteady, and reggae.3 The belief is that most of the African influences are from the period of time of colonial slavery, but this may not be the case. The theory that African influence is based solely on this time of slavery can be refuted when taken into consideration with the addition of indentured servants who came outside of slavery during the period between 1841 and 1865. The Rastafarians are defined by Ethiopian origins, by the Bongo Nation are influenced from ancestry in the Congo-Angola region of West Africa. What is now known by Rastafarians as Nyabinghi can be shown to be a direct result of the combination of theses traditions.4 According to Chang and Chen â€Å"Jamaican popular music has always mixed the rhythm of Africa and the melody of Europe†5 During the early 20th century Jamaica was beginning to create a post-colonialism world with a distinct national identity. In the 1930s music that was specific to Jamaica began to emerge as a defining element of the culture. As development workers began to work towards improving conditions of villages and towns, organizing a network in order to gain control over distribution of resources and to

Atmospheric Conditions Compared to Indoor Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

Atmospheric Conditions Compared to Indoor Air Pollution Essay There are many different air pollution problems that exist today. Ozone depletion, climate change conditions, volcanic eruptions, acid rains, and motor vehicle exhaust to name a few. One particular problem that is wide spread is â€Å"acid rain†. Acid rain is an effect caused by natural as well as man-made pollution, with a mixture of wet and dry deposited materials in our atmosphere containing nitric and sulfuric acids higher than normal amounts. Increase of these chemical compounds is caused from exhaust from burning of fossil fuels such as automobiles, electric power generation as well as volcanic eruptions and activity and natural plant decay. www. epa. gov). Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides are emitted from power generation and other sources where acid rain is created when these gases react with other components of the atmosphere, water, oxygen, and other acid compounds resulting in creation of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Prevailing winds cause these particulates to spread out over long distances over wide spread regions. These acid rains are of environmental and quality of living concerns. Water vapors from acid rain can enter into the homes through open windows, poor insulation around doors and windows, ventilation systems and vent pipes that can affect air quality of the home as well as outside environments. Some of the environmental effects of acid rain can cause paint to peel, steal corrosion of bridges and structures, erosion of stone buildings and statues affecting the quality of air and life in residential and commercial areas. (http://en. wikipedia. org). Ground water supply sources can become contaminated and affects everything the water is used for. Acid rain can have harmful effects on animals, aquatic life, plants and their ecosystems. The effects are greater lakes, streams, wetlands and aquatic environments. Acid rain causes waters to become acidic and absorb aluminum deposits from runoff from the soils around them. The combination of this and the results of the chemical reaction make the water toxic to shell fish, crayfish and other aquatic species. Even though some species tolerate acidic waters, interconnected ecosystems that impact certain species will eventually impact others along the food chain. The damaging effects of acid rain on plant life are quite dramatic. Damage to forests in higher elevations is more apparent than lower lying regions. The acid content is at a higher level and leaches the soil nutrients and releasing aluminum making it harder for trees and plant life to absorb water. In lower lying areas the effects of acid rain, environmental stressors, and poor soil quality on plant life and trees cause them to become weaker where they cannot tolerate temperatures too cold or too hot, resist infestation of insects and susceptible to disease, and inhibit the ability to reproduce. Some areas the soil is better equipped to neutralize the acids in a â€Å"buffering capacity† that varies from region to region. (www. environment. nationalgeographic). By curbing the use of fossil fuel burning will decrease the forming of acid rains and conservation efforts of individuals. Not only is acid rain damaging to the outside environment, but also on inside air quality of the home. Physical contact of acid rain from rain droplets or swimming in acidic recreational waterways has little effect on human health. However, the pollutants that cause acid rain are associated with increasing the risks of health problems including respiratory and other illnesses. These pollutants infiltrate into indoor living spaces and cause many respiratory illnesses, breathing disorders including asthma and can even cause death. By improving ventilation systems and air purification techniques of the home, using better insulation and installing energy efficient windows and doors will greatly improve air quality of the home and diminish the risk factors from outside air pollution. http://greenliving. nationlageographic. com). Laws, such as the Clean Air Act has improved greatly the air quality. The EPA, through monitoring, and imposing strict guidelines on release of toxins in fossil fuel burning industries. The EPA has reported that from 1980 and 2009, the national average of sulfur dioxide content in the air has decreased by 76 percent, and the amount of nitrogen dioxide decreased by 48 percent. Congress has also created the Acid Rain Program Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment. Some of the EPA’s initiatives are the SO2 Reductions and Allowances Trading under the Acid Rain Program involves Phase 1, which imposed tightened annual emission limits of higher emitting plants by installing pollution control devices. Allowance trading systems contributes the low-cost rules of exchange minimizing government intrusions and allowance trading to prepare for a viable compliance tool in reduction of SO2. (www. epa. gov). Another asset implemented by the EPA and Congress in the Clean Air Act Amendment is the reduction of NOx beginning in 1995 through 2000 as a two phase program concerning coal-fired electric electricity utility boilers. Phase 1 covered Group 1 Boilers and Phase 2 covered Group 1 and 2 boilers. Group 1 boilers are tangentially dry bottom fired boilers which has a tendency to give off higher NOx concentrations than Group 2 wet bottom wall fired boilers. Although the NOx reduction program incorporates many of the same characteristics as the SO2 program, it does not include allowance trading or caps the NOx emissions. www. epa. gov). The EPA also requires participants of programs to install, monitor and report data so tracking of the progress can be compiled on quarterly, semi-annually, and yearly bases. Monitoring devices known as CEMS (Continuous Emissions Monitoring System) are required to be installed and maintained by the participants. In the event that data is not compiled or not reported during a reporting period, the applicants will be considered non-compliant and the units deemed out of control for that period and fines incurred to the applicants. (www. epa. gov). The EPA requires any new or upgraded boilers or generating plants to install pollution control devices to capture, or remove sulfur before burning the fuel, and stack collectors for NOx particulates. There are several types of pollution control devices in use, and, depending on the fuels burned, amount of fuel burned, boiler types, amount of electricity produced and type of â€Å"stacks† used for venting on which device will meet the appropriate application. With the aide of the EPA and other government and private pollution control departments involved our air quality has improved greatly in the past few decades. With contributions of these departments and each individual persons working together to improve air quality of our open spaces and within businesses and homes will bring us that much closer to improving our world air quality for the new generation growing now, and even better for future generations. Keeping due diligence in our efforts ensures the planets recovery not only in air pollution, not only, but also our environment as a whole improving quality of life for all organisms large and small.

NMDA Receptor Pathways as Drug Targets in CNS Therapeutics

NMDA Receptor Pathways as Drug Targets in CNS Therapeutics 1. Introduction: Glutamate is the king of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (SNC) and acts on receptors located at the presynaptic terminal and in the postsynaptic membrane at synapses in the brain and spinal cord (Ghasemi and Schachter, 2011). Although glutamate was known to have central nervous system effects for more than 75 years, it was not until 1984 that it was truly acknowledged as fulfilling the criteria of a neurotransmitter. (Niciu et al., 2012). Glutamate receptors are divided into two broad categorizations: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ion channels that flux cations (Ca2+, Na+) and open the channels in response to agonist binding. On the other hand, metabotropic receptors activate or inhibit second messenger systems via interactions with cognate G-proteins. (Niciu et al., 2012). Ionotropic glutamate receptors can be subdivided into three large families: AMPA receptors (AMPARs), kainate receptors and NMDA receptors (NMD ARs). Since three decades ago, the discovery NMDARs have kept fascinating neuroscientists while their dysfunctions are also involved in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including stroke, pathological pain, neurodegenerative diseases and schizophrenia. (Paoletti et al., 2013) Fortunately, the NMDA receptor complex is composed with modulatory sites, and the late 1970s and 1980s saw the development of agonists, antagonists and modulators acting at different binding sites. In the last decade, the molecular biology of the NMDA receptors has been defined, and now it is known that these receptors are formed of an NR1 subunit in combination with one or more NR2 or less commonly an NR3 subunit. (Kemp and McKernan, 2002). 2. Molecular mechanisms NMDA receptors are named after their selective agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate. The receptors are multisubunit complexes associating NR1, NR2 and, more rarely, NR3 subunits. NR2 and NR3 subunits exist as four and two subtypes, respectively (NR2A-D and NR3A-B). NR1 exists as seven subtypes (NR1a–g) (Mony et al., 2009) The receptors are heterotetramers comprising a combination of NR1, NR2A-D and  NR3A-B subunits. The main agonists are glutamate and NMDA, with their binding site on NR2 subunits, while the binding site for the co-agonists D-serine and glycine is located on NR1 and NR3 subunits and the T most common composition of NMDA receptors includes two NR1 and two NR2 subunits, or two NR1, one NR2 and one NR3 subunits (Dzamba et al., 2013). A common structure for glutamate receptors contains an extracellular amino-terminal domain (ATD) for various modulatory functions, extracellular S1S2 domains for agonist binding, an ion channel domain with four transmembrane segments (M1â⠂¬â€œ4) for gating and ion permeation, and a carboxy-terminal domain for communicating with intracellular milieu Fig 1 (Majdi and Chen, 2009). Pharmacological regulation of the NMDAR depends on effects on unique combinations of subunit-specific binding sites. Once glycine coagonist attaches to its site, the glutamate can activate the ion channel and the Na+ and Ca2+ rush in. The Mg2+ blocks channel pore and the blockade is relieved by cellular depolarization, which has implications for synaptic plasticity, especially long-term potentiation (LTP). (Ghasemi and Schachter, 2011) Most compounds that act at NMDA receptors interact with one of 4 drug binding sites on the NMDA receptor complex, the glutamate or glycine binding sites, the ion channel pore, or a binding site on the regulatory NTD. The first compounds identified were agonists and antagonists of the glutamate like D-ÃŽ ±-aminoadipic acid and D-2-amino-5phosphonopentanoic  acid (D-AP5) then glycine competitive antagonists like 7-chloro-5-iodokynurenic acid and partial agonists were identified. It was also soon recognized that some dissociative anesthetics (e.g. ketam ine and phencyclidine) were NMDA receptor blockers and the widely used inhibitor MK-801 was shown to be a potent NMDA receptor channel blocker Fig 2 (Monaghan et al., 2012). Another important aspect of NMDA receptor pharmacology is modulation by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation of the intracellular C-terminal of NR2 subunits. NMDA receptor-mediated calcium increases activate many downstream targets like protein kinase C (PKC) and the Modulation by protein kinase C (PKC) depends on NMDA receptor subunit composition; NR2A- and NR2B-containing receptors are potentiated by PKC activation, whereas NR2Cand NR2D containing receptors are unaffected or inhibited by PKC. PKC phosphorylates the NR1 subunit at serine 890 (S890) in the C1 cassette. The potentiatory effects of PKC are not dependent on phosphorylation of NR1, but inhibitory effects are blocked by mutation of S890 or removal of the C1 domain. The NMDA receptor function is also modulated by MAGUK protein fami ly which controls the NMDA receptor localization, the binding to the scaffolding proteins plays a major role in the control of downstream signals resulting from receptor activation. It thought that synaptic NMDA receptors are retained at the synapse by an attachment to PSD-95 through a PDZ interaction with the NR2 subunits.(Gardoni and Di Luca, 2006) 3. Therapeutics A high number of central nervous system disease states in which neuronal cell death is associated to glutamate induced excitotoxicity could be treated by blocking NMDA receptors such as neurological disorders including ischemia, epilepsy, brain trauma, dementia, and neurodegenerative disorders. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Ischemia : it has been shown that loss of calcium homeostasis may be an important mechanism of ischemic brain damage. Ischemia also resulted in a decrease in the size of protein complexes containing PSD-95. In addition, transient cerebral ischemia increases tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B. Recent studies suggested to treat stroke transducing neurons with peptides able to disrupt the interaction of NMDA receptor NR2B subunits with the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95. This procedure dissociated NMDA receptors from downstream neurotoxic signaling without blocking synaptic activity or calcium influx and protected cultured neurons from excitotoxi city. .( Gardoni and Di Luca, 2006). Many NR1/NR2B antagonists, including ifenprodil, eliprodil and the selective and potent congeners, Ro 25,6981 and CP-101,606, offer promise in preclinical models of ischaemia (Chazot, 2004) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Epilepsy: Recent work has suggested that hyper-phosphorylation of NR2B may results in hypersensitivity to the endogenous transmitter, and induction of neuronal hyperexcitability and epilepsy. Furthermore, kainic acid-induced alters tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and NR2B receptors. Interestingly, the high affinity NR2B compound, Ro 63-1908 was shown to be active versus acoustic-induced convulsions and NMDA-induced seizures at 4.5 mg/kg ip and 2.31 mg/kg iv, respectively and no adverse cardiovascular, motor deficits or other CNS sideeffects were observed at these active. (Chazot, 2004). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Huntingtons disease: The normal huntingtin binds to PSD-95 scaffold protein which inhibit the NMDA receptor Overexpression of the normal huntin gtin N terminus significantly attenuates neuronal toxicity induced by both NMDA receptors and the mutated huntingtin. This suggests that PSD-95 is a mediator of neuronal toxicity induced by NMDA receptors and mutated huntingtin. In addition, in a transgenic model of Huntington disease. Other studies show that expression of mutant htt (but not wild-type htt) in combination with NR1/NR2B increases cell death compared to  transfection of only NMDA receptor subunits, suggesting a role for NR1/NR2B NMDA receptors in cell death mediated by mutant htt .As NR2B antagonists block most of the NMDA receptor mediated currents in neuronal models of Huntington, the selective localization of NR2B in the striatum may also play a role in the efficacy of NR2B antagonists against cell death in models of Huntington.( Gardoni and Di Luca, 2006). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Alzheimers disease : In animal models, NR2B subunit expression decreases with age, which correlates well withreduced Long Term Potentiation (L TP) and inferior cognitive performance. The NR1/NR2B subtype decreases, in comparison to other subtypes, in the frontal cortex of aged humans while overexpression of the forebrain NR2B subunit in transgenic mice has been shown to have profound beneficial effects upon cognitive performance. Such information suggests that controlled potentiation of the NR2B may offer a novel strategy for treating cognitive disabilities. (Chazot, 2004). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Parkinsons disease: At the molecular level, alterations of NMDA receptor subunits localization in striatum have been described in Dopamine-denervated rats as well as in L-DOPA-treated dyskinetic monkeys. In particular, NR2B subcellular redistribution from synaptic to extrasynaptic sites represents the key element in the complex modifications of the glutamatergic synapse in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. On the other hand, recent studies in primates suggested that upregulation of NR2A abundance in synaptosomal membranesmay be an important pla yer in L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. And recently, two studies described results on the effects of NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonist CP-101,606 on L-DOPA induced dyskinesia in two different models of experimental parkinsonism.( Gardoni and Di Luca, 2006). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Psychosis : Studies have suggested that the NR2B has role in psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The mRNA encoding the NR2B subunit and NR1/NR2B-type binding sites have been shown to be selectively increased in hippocampal and cortical regions, Recent work has identified a novel T200G variant located in the NR2B promoter, which endows dysfunction of the NR2B subunit. The frequency of this variant was significantly up-regulated in a schizophrenia group compared to a control group. The possible link between these observations is yet to be investigated. (Chazot, 2004). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Pain: Studies suggest that the NR2B subunit plays distinct roles in acute and chronic pain states, re cently NR2B antagonists were developped, including Ro 25,6981, CP -101,606, PD 174494 and PD 196860, are effective in a range of animal chronic pain models with a wide separation between anti-hyperalgesic and side-effect doses . . (Chazot, 2004). 4. References Chazot, P. L. (2004). The NMDA receptor NR2B subunit: A valid therapeutic target for  multiple CNS pathologies. Curr. Med. Chem. 11, 389-396. Dzamba, D., Honsa, P. and Anderova, M. (2013). NMDA receptors in glial cells: Pending  questions. Current Neuropharmacology 11, 250-262. Gardoni, F. and Di Luca, M. (2006). New targets for pharmacological intervention in the  glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10. Ghasemi, M. and Schachter, S. C. (2011). The NMDA receptor complex as a therapeutic  target in epilepsy: A review. Epilepsy Behavior 22, 617-640. Kemp, J. A. and McKernan, R. M. (2002). NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets. Nat.  Neurosci. 5, 1039-1042. Majdi, M. and Chen, H. V. (2009). NMDA-gated ion channel research and its therapeutic  potentials in neurodegenerative diseases: A review. Journal of Receptor, Ligand and Channel Research 2, 59-73. Monaghan, D. T., Irvine, M. W., Costa, B. M., Fang, G. and Jane, D. E. (2012).  Pharmacological modulation of NMDA receptor activity and the advent of negative and  positive allosteric modulators. Neurochem. Int. 61, 581-592. Mony, L., Kew, J. N., Gunthorpe, M. J. and Paoletti, P. (2009). Allosteric modulators of  NR2Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ containing NMDA receptors: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Br. J.  Pharmacol. 157, 1301-1317 Niciu, M. J., Kelmendi, B. and Sanacora, G. (2012). Overview of glutamatergic  neurotransmission in the nervous system. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 100,  656-664. Paoletti, P., Bellone, C. and Zhou, Q. (2013). NMDA receptor subunit diversity: Impact on  receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, 383-400.