Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar Essay Example

Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar Paper What were the reasons for the rise and fall of Julius Caesar? Changes within the structure of the Roman army set the early stage of the rise of Julius Caesar to power within the Roman Empire. The republican army of the early days was founded on the â€Å"Servian† constitution. The army was the army of the state; citizens served in it according to their wealth and were called to arms when needed. In the third century this began to change as campaigns increased in duration and moved farther and farther from the boundaries of Rome itself. Further there was a growing resistance of wealthy citizens to take part in military service. In 107 BC Marius instituted reforms lowering the requirements of military service to include members of the lower classes. This voluntary service helped to augment the compulsory service required of more wealthy citizens. Volunteers flocked to the army due in part to the troubled economic situation within the republic that had plagued the lower class for many years. Army service provided payment for service, a share of booty, and an allocation of land upon completion of service. These reforms led to the creation of a professional army with soldiers who served many years, often in the same unit, led by the same commander. This in turn created a great deal of loyalty between the Legions and their respective commanders, loyalty that superseded that between the republic and her citizens. Political infighting was also instrumental in the rise of Caesar. Marius had been embroiled in an ongoing political struggle with forces allied with Sulla. We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While Marius was engaged in a military campaign in Asia against the king of Pontus in 88 BC, Sulla who had been stripped of his authority in Asia by senatorial decree marched on Rome with his legions. Sulla forced the senate to banish Marius, who had managed to escape to Campania. Marius was captured at Minturnae but managed to escape again finally reaching Africa, where his old soldiers had been allocated lands due to Marius’s influence. Marius eventually returned to Rome, Sulla was absent in Asia facing the Mithridates allowing Marius’s supporters to gain power in the senate. Marius marched his forces into Rome and assaulted the city forcing the senate to lift his banishment and declare Sulla a public enemy. On January 1, 86, Cinna and Marius took the consulship by the 17th Marius was dead of pleurisy. Sulla regained power after the death of Marius and the republic was plunged once again into civil war. Attempting to regain control of Rome, Sulla and his forces faced a senatorial army at Brindisi in 83. Fighting lasted through the summer and fall of 82 at a cost of 50-70 thousand dead in the two armies and another 3000 prisoners executed by Sulla. Sulla further carried out a purge of Rome’s ruling elites. The forced removal and often execution of political rivals in the senate allowed Sulla to refill those positions with his own men. Sulla used this to begin the process of establishing a dictatorship without time limits. Beyond the power of dictator Sulla had himself presented as â€Å"Felix†, the leader blessed by the gods. This was the first use in Roman history of a divinity used for the personal ambition of an imperator. Sulla abdicated his position in 80 and died by the year 78 at the age of sixty. The actions of Sulla set the stage for the creation of a powerful dictator who would wield almost unlimited power of the Roman state. In the year 60, Gaius Julius Caesar returned from a successful governorship in the Spanish province, Caesar was anxious to hold both a triumph and the consulship of 59. The senate refused his request to stand in absentia, to declare his candidature. At the same time Pompey and Crassus were being shut out of senatorial proceedings as well. The three men Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus put their differences aside and formed a political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. It was a private and at first secret alliance later secured by the marriage of Pompey to Caesars daughter, Julia. They enlisted the tribune Publis Clodius in 58 to act as their agent in the senate. With his assistance they were able to push through a number of laws, including some that provided free grain to the citizens of Rome and forced their rival Cicero from Rome by outlawing anyone who had executed a Roman citizen without benefit of a trial. The year 58 also marked the year Caesar left Rome to take the governorship of Transalpine Gaul. Soon after Pompey was politically attacked by enemies in the senate and was forced to take refuge in his home for several months. By 56 the Triumvirate seemed to be falling apart, the three met at Luca in April of 56 and managed to patch up their differences, agreeing that Pompey and Crassus would be consuls in 55. The alliance dissolved not long after with the death of Julia and then Crassus being killed in battle in Mesopotamia. By 53 violence and disorder ruled the streets of Rome, things were so bad that the consular elections that year were postponed. In 52 the Senate-house was burned to the ground and Pompey was declared sole consul. Relations between the former allies became increasingly strained and both began to gird for war. In late 50 Caesar’s agent at Rome, tribune Marcus Scribonius Curio, forced the senate to a vote requiring both he and Pompey to disarm, only 22 senators opposed but they were able to secure a tribune’s veto. In January of 49 one of the tribunes, Marcus Antonius, forced the consuls to read a letter from Caesar agreeing to the earlier disarmament proposal. The consuls, with the support of Pompey refused to allow a vote, but proposed that Caesar be named a public enemy; the measure passed but was vetoed by Antonius. On January 7th, Antonius was warned to leave the senate, which then issued its ultimate decree (naming Caesar an enemy of the state). Caesar instead of running marched his army from Ravenna south to Ariminum, in doing so he crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and Italy. It was an open act of war. Caesar began his overthrow of the Roman republic by decisively attacking Pompey’s forces and forcing him to retreat to Greece. Having no fleet, Caesar moved his forces into Spain were he defeated the forces loyal to Pompey in three months. Moving into Greece Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus in 48. Pompey fled to Egypt where he was executed on the orders of King Ptolemy. Caesar followed into Egypt and was captivated by the daughter of the king Cleopatra. In October 48 unbeknownst to Caesar, he was appointed in Rome as dictator for a year. In early 46 Caesar pushed into North Africa where the last remnants of Pompey’s forces were located. During the siege of Thapsus, Pompey’s army was annihilated. News of his latest victory was relayed to Rome and the senate appointed him dictator for ten years. Caesar installed Cleopatra in his house on the Janiculum, together with her infant son Caesarion rumored to be Caesars child. His campaigns finally brought him back to Spain where he finally defeated the last remnants of Pompey’s army under the command of Pompey’s sons. Caesar then returned to Rome where he spent the remainder of his life. From 48-44 BC Caesar enacted many reforms that were intended to relieve debts and reign in the extravagances practiced many of the patrician members of the government. He greatly increased the size of the senate and the number of magistrates; he also began a publics program that included a new forum, a basilica, and public library. Caesar also planned the creation of no fewer than 20 new colonies mostly in Spain and North Africa. New methods of taxation were established in the provinces, the new system assessed a fixed land tax replacing the older exactions of the publicans. Caesar further encouraged Roman colonization of the provinces and opened up citizenship to provincials. In 44 preparations were being implemented to strengthen Rome’s north-eastern frontier by attacking the Dacian king Burebistas, this action was to be a preliminary actions toward ultimately invading Parthia itself. Caesar expected to be away from Rome for three years during this action. A few days prior to his departure on the Ides of March, 44 he was cut down in front of the senate-house, at the foot of Pompey’s statue. Caesar had become too powerful and threatened the wealth and might of Rome’s political elite. His authority ultimately rested on the devotion of his soldiers who showed greater fealty to Caesar than to Rome. Many feared he was working toward being crowned king, and were frightened by his being venerated as a god by some. One can only guess at Caesars ultimate ambitions. A man of noble birth he rose from relative obscurity to the pinnacle of power within the Roman republic only to be the master of its destruction. Caesar’s legacy spawned the Imperial era of Roman history, many who would follow in Caesar’s footstep would take the title of Caesar as their own. Works cited: Marcel Le Glay, et. al. , A History of Rome (Malden: Blackwell, 2005. ) pg. 133-139

The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essays

The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essays The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essay The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essay Balearic Islands with entire country of 5,014 kilometers consist of four islands which are 2 by Formentera, 11 by Eivissa, 14 by Menorca and 73 by Mallorca ( Bull 1997, 140 ) . Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago with 555km of the entire seashore length of the island ( Garcia and Servera 2003, 288 ) which covered for about three quarters of the land with about 3640 kmA? in Balearic Island. The clime of Mallorca is typically Mediterranean with moderate mean temperatures. During the summer, the prohibitionist and warm season takes topographic point. The mean one-year rainfalls are 625 millimeters, with mean temperature 16AÂ °C and 17AÂ °C except in the high mountain ( Guijarro 1986 ) . With its favourable clime, extended coastline and beautiful beaches it have lured visitants coming over for many centuries. In 1950s the development of touristry progressively creates an chance to the local in bring forthing extra occupations and income. On the other side it has resulted in a big flux of immigrants from Iberian Peninsula to Mallorca. At the same clip when the touristry industry developed, the local economic system became dependent on this beginning of gross. Consequently, in 1955 there is 30 of the population was working for the sector nevertheless in 1996 it was about 76 ( Garcia and Servera 2003, 288 ) . The development of Mass Tourism ( Mallorca ) Definition of Mass touristry Burkart and Medlik ( 1974, 42 ) states Mass touristry is basically a quantitative impression, based on the proportion of the population take parting in touristry or on the volume of tourer activity . However, in the context of Bramwell ( 2004 ) associate it to tourism industry s large-scale reproduction of standardised vacation bundles uniting adjustment and conveyance to provide big Numberss of people from diverse societal groups. Basically both definitions have pointed out the cardinal component of mass touristry that is all about big volume and big graduated table of reproduction production with local engagement engagement to provide huge Numberss of visitants. Since 1950s touristry in Mallorca has closely aligned with a standard mass vacation bundle aimed at a really price-sensitive of European tourer ( Aguilo et al. 2005, 221 ) . Having such characteristic of the clime, Sun and beach is absolutely match with the mass tourer who in hunt of hot conditions and sunburn within the model of a stiffly packaged vacation. Butler s life rhythm of Mallorca Exploration A ; involvement stage-1930s The pantryman s lifecycle theoretical account ( 1980 ) , describes a tourer finish from the geographic expedition to development up to stagnancy and diminution stages can be best apply in the finish of Mallorca from the growing phase to post-stagnation phase. In the period of geographic expedition and engagement phases tourism takes topographic point in Mallorca act simply as an instrument for exciting cultural and rational activity ( Bull 1997, 141 ) . Early on development phase 1955s When it comes to 1955 Mallorca Island is in development phase where mass touristry started to turn during that period. There was a re-establishment of the tourer board that have significantly change the touristry on the island whereby the touristry become more really much linked with the development of bundle vacations and mass touristry from the turning markets in western and northern Europe ( Pearce 1991 and Williams 1997 ) . However in 1959, Spanish authorities took the novice to simplify the process of sing the state in order to overhaul the economic system by deriving abroad gross through ( Stabilisation Act of 1959 ) . The Numberss of visitants started to growing invariably in early 1960s, bulk of the visitants were dominated from UK and Germany in big volumes concentrated particularly during summer season ( Clark 1988 ) ( Figure 1 ) . Consolidation stage-1980s-1990s Between 1960s-1980s the effects from the roar of international touristry to Mallorca, it led to an increasing resort development along the coastline. Most of the island began from the rapid growing of cheap bundle vacations in the sixtiess. However in the late of 1970s, many edifices, resorts and flats were built in order to provide big Numberss of visitants and turning figure of the populations. Majority of these early resorts were portrayed by standard flat edifice architecture, short of appropriate substructure and deficiency of planning, which lead to the consolidation phases. Buswell ( 1996, 321 ) described the growing of tourer declaration on Mallorca as unplanned and piecemeal, even helter-skelter . Later, stricter planning Torahs was set up in 1980s and 1990s against the job that arisen. Subsequently Mallorca managed to keep its good repute with tourers, peculiarly from UK and Germany furthermore invariably attracts about 10 thousand visitants per twelvemonth ( Buswell 1996 and Government Balear 2003 ) Stagnation and Decline stage-1990s-2000s In late 1990s, environmental force per unit areas begin to emerge in Mallorca sing to the issue such as H2O deficits, clime alteration, overcrowding, and over commercialisation every bit good as anti-social behaviour by its visitants. This finally causes an overall of diminution in figure of visitants arrive to its finish. In commissariats of finish life rhythm kineticss, the touristry merchandise of Mallorca was get downing to stagnate and decline and needed direction planning and policy intercession to convey about its rejuvenation ( Butler, 1980 ) . Development of Mass touristry in Calvia, Mallorca Calvia is a municipality of Mallorca which is besides one of the largest touristry having countries. It accounted about one tierce of the entire flow of tourers to Balearic Islands. It covers 145 kmA? and has a coastal strip of 56 Km of beaches and drops which caused it perfectly suited finish for mass touristry. It offers adjustment for 120,000 bedspaces and with about up to 1.6 million visitants a twelvemonth ( Aguilo, Algere and Sard, 2005 ) . Furthermore, with its location in bantam distance from the airdrome of Palma creates an easy accessible to the visitants. The population of the occupant increased from 3000 in dwellers during 1960 up to 30,000 in the late 1890ss ( Dodds 2007 ) . Since 19th century, touristry began to be as chief economic activity of its island ( Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda, 2005 ) . Tourism development in Calvia boomed in the sixtiess and has been based on short-run economic addition. As Aguilo et Al. ( 2005 ) provinces, it was one of the first municipalities to see negative effects of mass touristry. Lack of be aftering ordinances resulted in urban conurbation and deficiency of environmental respect, similar to many Mediterranean resorts. The theoretical account of touristry development in Mallorca has been based on short-run involvement, limitless constructing out of melody with local conditions, and an unsustainable development of exceeding natural resources . Tourist development took topographic point in 1960s to 1980s and was headlong and unplanned. Economy In economic point of position, touristry is of import as it create occupation chances, substructure development every bit good as foreign exchange. The unemployment rate is much lower than national norm ( Ministerio de Trabajo 2005 ) as there are about 31,793 people employed in restaurant-bars, 2057 involved in transit lease, 483 in supermarkets, 398 people employed in souvenir stores and with 1,684 plants in other tourer installations. Meanwhile 1,402 involved in beach concern and 18,003 are involved in supplying tourer activities. In Calvia it was estimated about 61749 vacancies in footings of supplying tourer activities ( Molz 2004 ) . It has 30 higher income per capital of national and 5 higher of E.U. degrees ( Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda 2005 ) . Looking at these figures it becomes perfectly obvious 85 of Balearic Island s GNP is from tourer industry, and touristry is the chief beginning of income for the metropolis of Calvia whereby economic system is wholly reliant upon it. From the statistics Numberss given, it can be conclude that there is high figure of labour force fall ining the labor market, the tourer monoculture particularly during the peak seasonal form, labor with a low wage system, and force per unit area of work during high season ( Local Agenda 21 2001 ) . Socio civilization impact While touristry provides certain economic benefits to a part in any instance in the short term, nevertheless it does causes annoyance to the local manner of life. To the locals the concerns may deduce due to the unrealized promises, break of a traditional manner of life, inadequacy of employment chances or defeat with the economic alterations which came with mass touristry development. Before touristry takes topographic point, Calvia was basically a hapless and rural country with small outside contact and general history of out-migration with its ain linguistic communication and civilization of Catalan roots ( Ruzza 2004 ) . However touristry has entirely altered these characteristics ; a huge figure of in-migration from the Spanish peninsula arrived to carry through the demand for labour created by the growing of mass touristry, peculiarly in the edifice industry and the hotel concern. Consequent to that the impermanent immigrant population, has bit by bit turn into occupant, finally this causes the loss of cultural individuality, struggle over linguistic communication issues, and deficiency of societal integrating within local and immigrant population and bantam engagement in local societal life. Although Calvia is Spain s richest municipality and one of the richest in Europe, it has the lowest degree of instruction in Spain which itself the lowest in Europe ( Ayuntament de Calvia 1995 ) . Besides, most of employments given for servers and house cleansing agent which did non trained by a professional skilled. Consequences of excessively many visitants Reason tourer choose Calvia as vacation finish The continuity of the Sun and sand theoretical account ( 2005, 222 ) , describes that the ground induces tourers to take the peculiar Sun and sand finish include the clime of 76.2, the beaches ( 51.2 ) , the monetary value ( 36.4 ) , and the quality of the hotels ( 22.2 ) . Among all, clime is the cardinal ground followed by the beaches which induces tourers for taking such finish. As a consequence Calvia received a turning figure of visitants who travel to a mass touristry vacation finish attracted by the clime, Sun and beaches. Calvia were seen as a theoretical account based on value, in footings of monetary value competition it has lure many visitants particularly from UK and German with it standardisation of the vacation experience ( CIITIB, 2002 ) . Social impact For the local point of position, visitants seem to use the physical environment from the local nevertheless the net income that generated from the visitants are non portion with the local community. Thus it creates unwanted impacts on supports without sharing benefits with the local people who bear the cost of both human and natural environment. Finally conflicts arise among local populations with huge figure of visitants as they need to vie for limited usage of resources such as H2O, sanitation, energy and land utilizations. In point of tourer position it is often recapitulate with the statements with this used to be a Eden but now it is ruined because of overcrowding, over commercialisation or overdevelopment. The mass touristry cohesiveness and the assortment of jobs experienced in Calvia have excessively frequently formed blemish aboard beautiful natural scenery ; crowded with huge Numberss of tourers as if they were many cowss ; ruined traditional civilizations and occupational forms by making a insidious touristry industry portrayed as low paying occupations service and manipulative values ; without refering the demands of local citizens and the community values that were inconsistent with matter-of-fact economic demands of the touristry industry. Environmental impact The risen Numberss of visitants and occupants have huge environmental force per unit area in Calvia . As mentioned in pantryman s life rhythm, Mallorca was in the period of stagnation in 1990s may put on the line by lifting of environmental force per unit area chiefly due to H2O deficits and climatic alteration. Inadequate H2O supply The issue of unequal H2O supply particularly during peak period and summer season, H2O supplies is aggravated by visitants flows for usage in hotels, swimming pools and golf class. Harmonizing to the statistic documented in 1995, the H2O ingestion by visitants amounted of 160 litres per twenty-four hours whereby occupant is merely 130 litres. High demand in energy ingestion The one-year ingestion of primary energy in Calvia sum to 72,000 TEP per twelvemonth of which merely 2 is renewable. However, the ingestion per twenty-four hours was 6.47 kwh and visitants stay one dark in hotel the ingestion amounted to 2.14 kwh ( Dodds 2007 ) . Pollution by Conveyances Of 1,400,000 tones emanation of C dioxide, 58 is due to transporting tourer in and out of Mallorca. In Calvia 1995 statistic, visitants are the major causes of traffic congestion where of 70 million journeys 50 million were from visitants. Urban waste In 1995 Calvia produced 41000 dozenss of urban waste with approximately 1.25 kilograms per twenty-four hours by the occupant nevertheless 1kg per visitants a twenty-four hours. Furthermore there is a limited option for disposal. The production of effluent and solid waste in visitant countries frequently surpass the transporting capacity of local substructure due the high seasonal demand. Deterioration of the Land usage Building development in Calvia has been inordinate with aggregate business of flaxen beaches and of import enclaves along the bouldery coastline ( Pappas 2007 ) . With over 60 of Calvia part was caused by dirt eroding. However land country was cut downing drastically because of urbanisation. Furthermore, as a consequence of urbanisation, preies and waste mopess were increasing. Forest fires besides sparked farther devastation of the land. Harmonizing to an accounting of the distribution of the full country of Calvia made by Schmitt ( Molz 2004 ) in 1991 the build-up-area has quadrupled in the old ages from 1968 to 1991 ( +311.6 ) . However 57 of archeological heritage were at high hazard of impairment. Overcrowded beach About 80 of the analyzed instances show overcrowding despite an urban beach or natural beach. There is a strong seasonal concentration of visitants between June and September because of the demand for Sun and beaches. Subsequently this led to overcrowded beach with less than 6 mA? of beach surface per individual with increasing anthropogenetic force per unit area over the coastal zone ( Garcia and Jaume 2003, 287 ) . Solution Calvia is an illustration of a mass touristry finish which, from a consequence of touristry force per unit area in the late eightiess, faced important economic, societal and environmental diminution. As mentioned by Butler ( 1993 ) touristry is an activity because of its trust upon the care of natural environment and natural procedures, should impart itself toward sustainable development. Therefore, sustainable development must ever be touristry s chief aim. Without natural environment and natural procedures at that place would non be any touristry activity at all. In the instance of Calvia the lessening of touristry Numberss and Balearic Island as a whole goaded ordinances and attempts to travel towards turn toing the jobs of the debasement of the environment, impairment of societal systems and installations and the menace of farther touristry diminution. Definition of Planning and Policy Mass touristry is a cardinal issue in the planetary touristry industry, may it be in Mallorca or Brazil or Iceland. The word MASS entirely brings about one fright: mass-destruction. Without careful touristry planning, it brings about unobserved effects that can do touristry destructing touristry go a world and incubus. By looking at the definition of planning is highly equivocal and hard to specify. Chadwick ( 1971, 24 ) provinces that planning is a procedure of human idea with an action based upon the thought in point of fact, premeditation, thought for the hereafter, nil more or less than this is be aftering . Meanwhile Hall ( 2008, 90 ) supported Chadwick s thoughts to reason that most of import facet of planning is that it is directed towards the hereafter . However, be aftering can non be accomplished without policy because it is closely related footings. Wilkinson ( 1997 ) linked planning and policy by saying planning is a class of action, whereas policy is the execution of the planned class of action. Planing and policy in the instance of Calvia Calvia Plan for tourer Excellent 1990 The program was developed in 1990 as to aim the menace of diminution. It comes along with the Balearic Autonomous community in cooperation with the municipalities as to overhaul, better and diversify the touristry. This program included edifice clearance to recover unfastened infinite, seek to compensate the seasonal nature of touristry and preparation and employment. However this program is chiefly focused on the industry supply side alternatively of sustainability of the finish and host community did non affect at all. As a consequence, it did non try to get the better of the turning issues that have arisen. Calvia Local Agenda 21 ( LA21 ) 1995 At the terminal of 1994, the Town council of Calvia , together with a scope of working groups, drew up the Local Agenda 21 for Calvia as a long term schemes integrated with economic, societal, territorial and environment actions. In explicating LA21 in 1995 and Action Plan in 1997, the Municipality of Calvia actively involved the support of local community, all the stakeholders, NGO every bit good as national and EU authoritiess. The cardinal aims for LA21 Calvia concentrating on come ining a new manner of life based on sustainable and participatory urban and touristry planning ; stress environmental direction of the finish, expression for for understanding and consensus with societal representatives, control development and act for more stable employment in the country. ( Calvia Agenda Local 21, Mallorca, Spain 2004 ) . In 1998 New Balearic Law in Calvia was set out as to restrict adjustment growing, reconstruct bing hotels and to protect 40 of natural countries. The aims of the LA21 comprises of 10 strategic lines of action and 40 enterprises. Cardinal consequences that have been achieved since the execution of Calvia s 1997 program The LA21 Action Plan which were set out in 1997 were seems to hold betterment in a general motion toward sustainability within the part and as Calvia is reasonably independent, it was able to follow and implement many enterprises without the demand for coaction from higher authorities. Among those cardinal consequences that have been achieved since the execution of the LA21 action program are stated below: Planing and Regeneration Decline of 200 bed without rise in figure of hotels and flats 1993-2002-about 30 edifice clearance program actions including existent edifice destruction and purchase of urban secret plans as to forestall farther building were carried out Demolished edifices on more than 13,500mA? of the entire surface country Upgraded country in Magaluf A ; Palma Nova tourer country with prosaic zones and seting tree as to better quality of the country. In Paseo de Calvia 32 kilometer cycling and walking way was built Environmental instruments Tax was enforcing on H2O ingestion for preservation with awareness runs on advancing its usage. The recycling A ; urban waste decrease programs successfully separated 70 of the urban waste at beginning, helping by cut downing cost of recycling attempt, minimising land fill. Sea dredging which used to bring forth beaches has been terminated while steps on environmental friendly were put in topographic point to minimise eroding. New ordinance for restricting ground tackle harm A ; harbor congestion cause by boats Protect wild life A ; ecosystems with the constitution of Marine Park A ; tellurian protected countries. Economic instruments Enforce an eco-tax in 2002 by Balearic Government as to transport out Calvia council rehabilitation and regenerative undertakings. Voluntary instruments Renovation programmes for hotels, tourer adjustment and tourer installations established to upgrade quality and pull a higher output tourer Socio cultural instruments Programs to battle offense, lodging and other societal issues Multi-cultural and societal programmes such as dance, submerged picture taking and linguistic communication categories established to assist incorporate immigrants into Mallorquin civilization. Calvia has been recognized internationally for its attempts decision Calvia 2.0 The development of mass touristry in Calvia, Mallorca. 2.1 Definition of Mass Tourism

Basic Vocabulary Youll Need to Go Shopping in France

Basic Vocabulary You'll Need to Go Shopping in France If you are shopping in France, youll need to know the lingo. You could just stick with one shop or market, go in, pay and get out. But most of us do more than that in our search for the right product and the best bargain. You need to be able to read signs so that youre choosing the right shop, getting the best quality, ferreting out authentic bargains and speak intelligently with salespeople. Keep in mind that France (and most of Europe) may have megastores, but most people still shop at their local small shops in order to find the freshest, highest-quality products. So dont discount the words for specialty stores; you will need to know them. Shopping Vocabulary une à ©picerie  Ã‚  small grocery storele marchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  farmers marketle supermarchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  supermarketun hypermarchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  superstore, giant supermarketla boucherie  Ã‚  butcher shopla boulangerie  Ã‚  bakeryla charcuterie  Ã‚  pork butchers shop and delicatessenla confiserie  Ã‚  candy storela crà ©merie, la laiterie  Ã‚  dairy  shopla fromagerie  Ã‚  cheese shople magasin de fruits et là ©gumes  Ã‚  greengrocerle marchand de vins  Ã‚  wine shopla pà ¢tisserie  Ã‚  pastry shopla poissonnerie  Ã‚  fish storela banque  Ã‚  bankla blanchisserie  Ã‚  laundryla  laverie automatique   laundromatla droguerie  Ã‚  drugstore / hardware storele grand magasin  Ã‚  department storele kiosque  Ã‚  newsstandle magasin de confection  femme/homme/enfants clothing store  for women, men, children;  magasin de và ªtements  Ã‚  clothing store in generalla pharmacie  Ã‚  pharmacyla poste  Ã‚  post officele pressing  Ã‚  dry cleanerla q uincaillerie  Ã‚  hardware storele tabac  Ã‚  tobacco shopfaire les courses  Ã‚  to do the  shopping [for essentials];  aller faire les courses to go shoppingfaire du shopping  Ã‚  to go shopping, to shop [for specific items such as shoes];  partir faire les magasins to go on a shopping trip/expedition les soldes the sales; faire les soldes to shop the salesclient /  personne qui faire ses courses shopperà ªtre accro au shopping   to be a shopaholiccher  (chà ¨re) expensive; coà »ter cher   to be expensive  a bargain une affaire; a good bargain une bonne affaire;  bargain prices prix avantageuxmarchander to bargain, to haggle;  negocier, traiter avec quelquun to bargain with someoneheures  douverture business / shop hours  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expressions Related to Shopping Bon marchà ©:  can be translated as either inexpensive or cheap. Bon marchà ©Ã‚  can be both positive, indicating a reasonable price, and negative, insulting the products quality. Bon rapport qualità ©-prix:  The French expression  un bon rapport qualità ©-prix, sometimes written  un bon rapport qualità © / prix, indicates that the price of some product or service (a bottle of wine, car, restaurant, hotel) is more than fair. Youll often see it or a variation in reviews and promotional materials.  To talk about a better value, you can make the comparative or superlative form of bon, as in: un meilleur rapport qualità ©-prix   better valuele meilleur rapport qualità ©-prix  Ã‚  best value To say that something is not a good value, you can either negate the sentence or use an antonym: Ce nest pas un bon rapport qualità ©-prix. /  Ã‚  Il na pas un bon rapport qualità ©-prix.   Its not a good valueun mauvais rapport qualità ©-prix   poor valuele pire rapport qualità ©-prix   worst value While less common, its also possible to use a different adjective altogether, such as un rapport qualità ©-prix incroyable   amazing valueun rapport qualità ©-prix intà ©ressant   good valueun faible rapport qualità ©-prix   poor value Cest cadeau: is a casual, informal expression meaning  Its free. Its inexpensive. The underlying meaning is that  youre getting something extra that you werent expecting, like a freebie. It can be from a store, a boutique or a friend doing you a favor. It doesnt necessarily involve money. Note that Cest un cadeau with the article is a simple non-idiomatic, declarative sentence that means It is a gift. Noà «l malin: The informal French expression  Noà «l malin  refers to Christmas.  Malin means  something thats  shrewd or cunning. But this expression isn’t describing Christmas or the sales, but rather the consumer- the cunning consumer who is far too smart to pass up these amazing bargains. At least that’s the idea. When a store says  Noà «l malin, what they’re really saying is  Noà «l (pour le) malin (Christmas for the clever.) For example, Offres Noà «l malin Christmas offers [for the savvy shopper]   TTC: is an acronym that appears on receipts and it refers to the grand total that you owe for a given purchase. The initials TTC stand for  toutes taxes comprises  (all taxes included). TTC lets you know what you will actually be paying for a product or service. Most prices are quoted as TTC, but not all, so its essential to pay attention to the fine print. The opposite of  TTC  is  HT, which stands for  hors taxe; this is  the base price before the addition of the European Union-mandated  TVA  (value-added tax), which stands at 20 percent in France for most goods and services.

Darden Resturaunts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Darden Resturaunts - Essay Example We have scale and all the advantages that scale brings, and we're continuing to make changes in how we work so our scale works even harder for us. Changes that, during this past fiscal year, helped us limit earnings erosion as sales softened. Finally, we have outstanding teams in our restaurants and our restaurant support center who have tremendous expertise and skill individually and collectively, and who are highly engaged." (www.darden.com) The aim of Darden is to establish itself as the number one full service casual dining restaurant chain in North America. They hope to expand rapidly in the already established as well as new markets (Mill, 2006). International expansion is facilitated by joining hands with reputed local firms and establishing restaurants in those countries. They hope to internationally promote their brands such as Red Lobster, Long Horn Steakhouse, The Capital Grille and Seasons 52. Brand rejection: If public opinion is against a product or service a strategy should be launched to change it. If the public associates a brand with something negative, they will purposely avoid buying that product. It is vital to carefully select the logo and slogan of your product or business so that so as to highlight customer benefits that can be gained from it. This logo or slogan should be put on everything. Brand non-recognition: It is of paramount importance to identify the differences between your product and that of your competitors. These differences should be highlighted diligently. Else your brand may not be recognized by customers because it doesn't have any outstanding features that differentiate it from competitors. Brand recognition: Brand recognition will lure customers towards your product when given a choice between your product and the one they are already accustomed to. It must also be noted that the competitors are also working on brand recognition

Punishment and Re-education of Juvenile Offenders Research Paper

Punishment and Re-education of Juvenile Offenders - Research Paper Example Children and adolescents are individuals who are undergoing a radical change in all aspects of their lives. Child development principles must be understood by the juvenile system. These formative years form the developmental trajectories for every individual (Arredondo, 2003). Children are likely to undergo irreversible damage in the application of punishment and deterrence inflicted without proper guidelines. However, the juvenile system has the potential to impact its detainees in a positive manner. Correction officers are charged with a unique responsibility. Expectations on them dictate that they have to reform delinquent youth. Juvenile systems have universal punishments for offenders. That means that the justice system is an offense based rather than offender based. Correction officers, therefore, have to apply uniform punishment and deterrent methods to different offenders. Juvenile offenders have unique needs. Their characters are not fully formed. This means that inappropriate punitive measures are likely to harm the development of the child. It is difficult for the officers to gauge which sanctions are appropriate for each juvenile detainee. The situation is very confusing when dealing with juvenile inmates in an adult correction center. Adults have complete characters. That means that severe punishment is likely to effect a change in their characters. The juvenile system is supposed to offer structure and support to its detainees. Most delinquents originate from homes where the adults are unreliable. These homes have no structure and pay no attention to the needs of the growing children. The children realize that they can push boundaries without suffering the consequences of their misdeeds. Correction officers, therefore, have the prerogative to follow up each offender during their rehabilitation. This is, however, difficult as the officers are charged with a large number of detainees. They are unable to provide consistent and predictable attention to their detainees. Juvenile inmates in an adult institution suffer from lack of structure. The system is designed to correct adults who can take responsibility for their actions.

Bankruptcy Law :: Papers

Bankruptcy Law The federal statute for the form of bankruptcy commonly known as Chapter 13 is cited in legal briefs as 11 USC CHAPTER 13 - ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITH REGULAR INCOME. Section 1301 this code not only relieves the bankrupt debtor, but it also relieves the codebtor. US Code as of: 01/23/00 Sec. 1301. Stay of action against codebtor (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, after the order for relief under this chapter, a creditor may not act, or commence or continue any civil action, to collect all or any part of a consumer debt of the debtor from any individual that is liable on such debt with the debtor, or that secured such debt, unless - (1) such individual became liable on or secured such debt in the ordinary course of such individual's business; or (2) the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7 or 11 of this title. (b) A creditor may present a negotiable instrument, and may give notice of dishonor of such an instrument. (c) On request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, the court shall grant relief from the stay provided by subsection (a) of this section with respect to a creditor, to the extent that - (1) as between the debtor and the individual protected under subsection (a) of this section, such individual received the consideration for the claim held by such creditor; (2) the plan filed by the debtor proposes not to pay such claim; or (3) such creditor's interest would be irreparably harmed by continuation of such stay. (d) Twenty days after the filing of a request under subsection (c)(2) of this section for relief from the stay provided by subsection (a) of this section, such stay is terminated with respect to the party in interest making such request, unless the debtor or any individual that is liable on such debt with the debtor files and serves upon such party in interest a written objection to the taking of the proposed action.

College Management System Essay

Corepro Soft is a high-end firm started in 2004 as part of diversification plans of the group to migrate into IT to fulfill the global need of IT projects. At the helm of affairs it has strong technical team to develop and manage software’s and creates strong support for large corporations worldwide. We have built a reputation for professional relationships and a long- term career path, in stark contrast to traditional, nomadic consulting work. We develops soft ware’s based on Java, J2EE, J2ME, Oracle, C++, ASP.NET, VB.NET, SQL, PHP, AJAX, MYSQL and Embedded platform to fulfill any technical domain. Several other partners nationwide to serve the needs of companies all over the world. Vision: We are committed to be a truly global organization in providing IT services by Upholding the value system and following ethical business practices. We ensure Customer satisfaction while encouraging team participation by being an employer of Choice. Mission: We are one of the fastest growing, world-class and reputed providers of Information Technology services and solutions. Its mission is to help leading global corporations Create and sustain a competitive advantage. As a true Global Organization, We offer its clients, partners and employees a wealth of cross-cultural expertise and knowledge to ensure a return on investment, sustainable and profitable long-term growth. PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM EXISTING SYSTEM The system starts with registration of new staff and students. When the subjects are to be allocated to the faculty, the Head of the Department should enter everything in the Excel sheets. Then the staff enters  corresponding subject’s attendance and marks of a student then those must also be entered in the Excel sheets and validations are to be done by the user itself. So there will be a lot of work to be done and must be more conscious during the entrance of details. So, more risk is involved. PROBLEMS IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM: Storing and accessing the data in the form of Excel sheets and account books is a tedious work. It requires a lot of laborious work. It may often yield undesired results. Maintaining these records as piles may turn out to be a costlier task than any other of the colleges and institutions Risks involved in existing system: Present System is time-consuming and also results in lack of getting inefficient results. Some of the risks involved in the present system are: During the entrance of marks and attendance, if any mistake is done at a point, then this becomes cumulative and leads to adverse consequences If there is any need to retrieve results it may seem to be difficult to search. PROPOSED SYSTEM UMS (UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) makes management to get the most updated information always by avoiding manual accounting process. This system has the following functional divisions. University Administrator College Administrator User (Students / Faculties) University Administrator has the functionality of registering new colleges and courses. College Administrator has the rights of creating department, allocating courses to departments, creating faculties, students and allocating subjects to faculties, and modifications in the data entered by the user can also be done by the college administrator. User of this may be faculty or students. Faculty has the facility of entering the marks and attendance of the students. Students can check their marks and attendance but there is no chance of modifications. Reports must be generated for the existing data i.e. for attendance and marks of the students, which are used  to assess the performance of the students. These reports should be viewed by the in charge and user. INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. ANALYSIS MODEL The model that is basically being followed is the WATER FALL MODEL, which states that the phases are organized in a linear order. First of all the feasibility study is done. Once that part is over the requirement analysis and project planning begins. The design starts after the requirement analysis is complete and the coding begins after the design is complete. Once the programming is completed, the testing is done. In this model the sequence of activities performed in a software development project are: – Requirement Analysis Project Planning System design Detail design Coding Unit testing System integration & testing Here the linear ordering of these activities is critical. End of the phase and the output of one phase is the input of other phase. The output of each  phase is to be consistent with the overall requirement of the system. Some of the qualities of spiral model are also incorporated like after the people concerned with the project review completion of each of the phase the work done. WATER FALL MODEL was being chosen because all requirements were known beforehand and the objective of our software development is the computerization/automation of an already existing manual working system. Fig 2.2: Water Fall Model FEASIBILITY STUDY Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY Technical Feasibility centers on the existing computer system hardware, software, etc. and to some extent how it can support the proposed addition. This involves financial considerations to accommodate technical enhancements. Technical support is also a reason for the success of the project. The techniques needed for the system should be available and it must be reasonable to use. Technical Feasibility is mainly concerned with the study of function, performance, and constraints that may affect the ability to achieve the system. By conducting an efficient technical feasibility we need to ensure that the project works to solve the existing problem area. Since the project is designed with ASP.NET with C# as Front end and SQL Server 2000 as Back end, it is easy to install in all the  systems wherever needed. It is more efficient, easy and user-friendly to understand by almost everyone. Huge amount of data can be handled efficiently using SQL Server as back end. Hence this project has g ood technical feasibility OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY People are inherently instant to change and computers have been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made to how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to have towards the development of the computerized system. The staff is accustomed to computerized systems. These kinds of systems are becoming more common day by day for evaluation of the software engineers. Hence,this system is operationally feasible. As this system is technically, economically and operationally feasible, this system is judged feasible. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY The role of interface design is to reconcile the differences that prevail among the software engineer’s design model, the designed system meet the end user requirement with economical way at minimal cost within the affordable price by encouraging more of proposed system. Economic feasibility is concerned with comparing the development cost with the income/benefit derived from the developed system. In this we need to derive how this project will help the management to take effective decisions. Economic Feasibility is mainly concerned with the cost incurred in the implementation of the software. Since this project is developed using ASP.NET with C# and SQL Server which is more commonly available and even the cost involved in the installation process is not high. Similarly it is easy to recruit persons for operating the software since almost all the people are aware of ASP.NET with C# and SQL Server. Even if we want to train the persons in these area the cost involved in training is also very less. Hence this project has good economic feasibility. The system once developed must be used efficiently. Otherwise there is no  meaning for developing the system. For this a careful study of the existing system and its drawbacks are needed. The user should be able to distinguish the existing one and proposed one, so that one must be able to appreciate the characteristics of the proposed system, the manual one is not highly reliable and also is considerably fast. The proposed system is efficient, reliable and also quickly responding. S/w and H/w requirements 1. Environment: Servers: Operating System Server: – Microsoft Windows 2000 or Higher Data Base Server: Microsoft SQL Server 2000/2005 Clients: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Tools: Microsoft Visual Studio .Net User Interface: ASP.NET with AJAX Code Behind: VC#.NET 2. Requirements: Hardware requirements: Number Description 1 PC with 2 GB hard-disk and 256 MB RAM Software requirements: Number Description 1 Windows 2000/ XP/ or Higher with MS-office 2. MS-SQL server2000/2005 3. Ms-Visual Studio .Net 2005 4. Ms-Internet Explorer INPUT AND OUTPUTS: The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: University Administrator enter his user id and password for login to authenticate in this system University Administrator creates the college . While registration Colleges can able to provide their information like 1. College id 2. College name 3. Address Information of college 4. Password for the college Administrator can create the various college details in this website. Registered colleges and staff need to submit their log in information for change their password. For searching College details guest need to choose the colleges or search college option for user interface. For searching a college a guest can choose search college option. For upload their deatails a college must login to their profile For display they have to view the reports. Outputs: Administrator can have his own home page. Colleges ans staff and student have their own home page after completion of the authentication process. Admin get all colleges and staff and course details. The registered user’s data can be stored in centralized database through the system user interface. Various types of information can be displayed to the users like colleges, courses and course subjects etc After successful submission of log in information users can got their new password. Profile can be update by the users individually. PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the user’s identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to â€Å"mask† it or suppress type out.. System Requirements Specification: The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. Developers Responsibilities Overview: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at client’s location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be  needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. Output Design: Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the User’s main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. Output Definition: The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly  coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. Input Design: Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user.